Tag Archives: PostgreSQL 17

Create a Second PostgreSQL Instance on the Same Linux Server

Create a Second PostgreSQL Instance on the Same Linux Server

0. Verify existing setup

1. Create new directories

2. Initialize second cluster

3. Edit second instance config

4. Start PostgreSQL Service

5. Connect to second instance

6. Create second systemd service

7. Verify instances

0. Verify existing setup

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
root        3641    3561  0 16:57 pts/1    00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres    3642    3641  0 16:57 pts/1    00:00:00 -bash
postgres    3711       1  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4
postgres    3712    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: checkpointer
postgres    3713    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: background writer
postgres    3715    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: walwriter
postgres    3716    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: autovacuum launcher
postgres    3717    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: logical replication launcher
postgres    3731    3642  0 17:03 pts/1    00:00:00 psql
postgres    3732    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: postgres postgres [local] idle
root        3748    3164  0 17:09 pts/0    00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres    3749    3748  0 17:09 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash
postgres    3911    3749  0 17:59 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres    3912    3749  0 17:59 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

1. Create new directories

[root@pgdb02 ~]# mkdir -p /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
[root@pgdb02 ~]# mkdir -p /pgWal/pgsql/17.4/dev
[root@pgdb02 ~]# chown -R postgres:postgres /pgData /pgWal
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

2. Initialize second cluster

# As postgres user 

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/initdb -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev --waldir=/pgWal/pgsql/17.4/dev --wal-segsize=128
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_SG.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev ... ok
fixing permissions on existing directory /pgWal/pgsql/17.4/dev ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default "max_connections" ... 100
selecting default "shared_buffers" ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Asia/Singapore
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok

initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
initdb: hint: You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or --auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev -l logfile start

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
drwx------. 18 postgres postgres 4096 Jun 20 18:03 /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
total 56
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres    21 Jun 20 18:03 pg_wal -> /pgWal/pgsql/17.4/dev
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_commit_ts
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_dynshmem
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_twophase
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_tblspc
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_stat_tmp
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_snapshots
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_serial
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_replslot
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_notify
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    36 Jun 20 18:03 pg_multixact
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres     3 Jun 20 18:03 PG_VERSION
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 30718 Jun 20 18:03 postgresql.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    88 Jun 20 18:03 postgresql.auto.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  5711 Jun 20 18:03 pg_hba.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  2640 Jun 20 18:03 pg_ident.conf
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    18 Jun 20 18:03 pg_xact
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    18 Jun 20 18:03 pg_subtrans
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres  4096 Jun 20 18:03 global
drwx------. 5 postgres postgres    33 Jun 20 18:03 base
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    68 Jun 20 18:03 pg_logical
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    25 Jun 20 18:03 pg_stat
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

**** we can see here 700 permission set by initdb command.

3. Edit second instance config

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ egrep "^(#)?(port|cluster_name)" /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf
#port = 5432                            # (change requires restart)
#cluster_name = ''                      # added to process titles if nonempty
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$


[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ cp /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf.bkp
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ sed -i "s/^#port = 5432.*/port = 5433/" /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ sed -i "s/^#cluster_name = ''.*/cluster_name = 'PGDB_UAT'/" /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ egrep "^(#)?(port|cluster_name)" /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf
port = 5433
cluster_name = 'PGDB_UAT'
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

4. Start PostgreSQL Service

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev -l logfile start
waiting for server to start.... done
server started
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

5. Connect to second instance

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ psql -p 5433
psql (17.4)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# SHOW port;
 port
------
 5433  <-----------
(1 row)

postgres=# SHOW cluster_name;
 cluster_name
--------------
 PGDB_UAT  <---------------
(1 row)

postgres=#\q

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ pg_ctl stop -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

6. Create second systemd service

[root@pgdb02 ~]# cp /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# grep -i Environment=PGDATA /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

[root@pgdb02 ~]# sed -i 's|Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4|Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev|' /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service
[root@pgdb02 ~]# grep -i Environment=PGDATA /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17-dev
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl enable postgresql-17-dev
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postgresql-17-dev.service → /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17-dev
● postgresql-17-dev.service - PostgreSQL 17 Database Server
     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sat 2026-06-20 18:25:39 +08; 12s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/
   Main PID: 4106 (postgres)
      Tasks: 6 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 15.2M
        CPU: 62ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17-dev.service
             ├─4106 /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
             ├─4107 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: checkpointer "
             ├─4108 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: background writer "
             ├─4110 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: walwriter "
             ├─4111 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: autovacuum launcher "
             └─4112 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: logical replication launcher "

Jun 20 18:25:39 pgdb02 systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 Database Server...
Jun 20 18:25:39 pgdb02 pg_ctl[4103]: waiting for server to start.... done
Jun 20 18:25:39 pgdb02 pg_ctl[4103]: server started
Jun 20 18:25:39 pgdb02 systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 Database Server.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

7. Verify instances

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
postgres    3711       1  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4
postgres    3712    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: checkpointer
postgres    3713    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: background writer
postgres    3715    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: walwriter
postgres    3716    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: autovacuum launcher
postgres    3717    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: logical replication launcher
root        3748    3164  0 17:09 pts/0    00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres    3749    3748  0 17:09 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash
postgres    4106       1  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
postgres    4107    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: checkpointer
postgres    4108    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: background writer
postgres    4110    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: walwriter
postgres    4111    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: autovacuum launcher
postgres    4112    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: logical replication launcher
postgres    4157    3749 99 18:26 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres    4158    3749  0 18:26 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ss -tulpn | grep 543
tcp   LISTEN 0      200        127.0.0.1:5433       0.0.0.0:*    users:(("postgres",pid=4106,fd=7))
tcp   LISTEN 0      200        127.0.0.1:5432       0.0.0.0:*    users:(("postgres",pid=3711,fd=7))
tcp   LISTEN 0      200            [::1]:5432          [::]:*    users:(("postgres",pid=3711,fd=6))
tcp   LISTEN 0      200            [::1]:5433          [::]:*    users:(("postgres",pid=4106,fd=6))
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

Caution: Your use of any information or materials on this website is entirely at your own risk. It is provided for educational purposes only. It has been tested internally, however, we do not guarantee that it will work for you. Ensure that you run it in your test environment before using.

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Uninstall PostgreSQL 17 on Linux (RPM Method)

Uninstall PostgreSQL 17 on Linux (Installed Using RPM Method)

0. Important Caution Before Proceeding

1. Check Installed PostgreSQL RPM Packages

2. Stop PostgreSQL Service

3. Disable PostgreSQL Service

4. Remove PostgreSQL RPM Packages

5. Verify Packages Are Removed

6. Remove PostgreSQL System User (Optional)

7. Remove PostgreSQL Configuration Files

8. Verify Complete Removal

0. Important Caution Before Proceeding

** Before uninstalling PostgreSQL PostgreSQL 17, first take a logical or physical backup. **

If PostgreSQL was installed using RPM packages, removing the package does not automatically remove:

Database files
WAL files
Backup directories
Custom configuration files

1. Check Installed PostgreSQL RPM Packages

[root@pgdb02 ~]# rpm -qa | grep postgres
postgresql17-libs-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
postgresql17-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
postgresql17-server-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
postgresql17-contrib-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

2. Stop PostgreSQL Service

[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl stop postgresql-17
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
○ postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

3. Disable PostgreSQL Service

[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl disable postgresql-17
Removed "/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postgresql-17.service".
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

4. Remove and Verify PostgreSQL RPM Packages

WARNING: This permanently deletes all binaries, libraries, and data. Ensure your data is backed up before this step.

[root@pgdb02 ~]# rpm -qa | grep postgres
postgresql17-libs-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
postgresql17-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
postgresql17-server-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
postgresql17-contrib-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# rpm -e postgresql17-contrib-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
[root@pgdb02 ~]# rpm -e postgresql17-server-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
[root@pgdb02 ~]# rpm -e postgresql17-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
[root@pgdb02 ~]# rpm -e postgresql17-libs-17.6-1PGDG.rhel9.x86_64
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

5. Verify Packages Are Removed

[root@pgdb02 ~]# rpm -qa | grep postgres
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

6. Remove PostgreSQL System User (Optional)

[root@pgdb02 ~]# id postgres
uid=26(postgres) gid=26(postgres) groups=26(postgres)
[root@pgdb02 ~]# userdel postgres
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# groupdel postgres
groupdel: group 'postgres' does not exist
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# id postgres
id: ‘postgres’: no such user
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

7. Remove PostgreSQL Configuration Files

# It's already removed in step no. 3

[root@pgdb02 ~]# ls -l /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
ls: cannot access '/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service': No such file or directory
[root@pgdb02 ~]# 
[root@pgdb02 ~]# ls -l /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 588 Jun 19 21:20 /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# rm -f /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

8. Verify Complete Removal

[root@pgdb02 ~]# id postgres
id: ‘postgres’: no such user
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# rpm -qa | grep postgres
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
Unit postgresql-17.service could not be found.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Install PostgreSQL 17.4 from Source code

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Install PostgreSQL 17.4 Using Source Code (Linux 9)

0. Environment

1. Set SELINUX to Permissive

2. Install Dependencies

3. Create postgres User

4. Download PostgreSQL Source

5. Extract Source

6. Configure Build

7. Compile Source (make)

8. Install PostgreSQL (make install)

9. Install PostgreSQL Contrib for extensions

10. Set Environment Variables (As Postgres user)

11. Validation 1 (As Postgres user)

12. Initialize Database (As Postgres user)

13. Start Postgres Instance(As Postgres user)

14. Validation (As Postgres user)

15. Create systemctl service for PostgreSQL

0. Environment

Parameter	Value
Host Name	pgdb01
IP	192.168.2.71
OS	Linux 9
PostgreSQL Version	17.4
Data Directory	/pgData/pgsql/17.4
PG WAL	/pgWal/pgsql/17.4
BIN Directory	/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin
Software Staging Directory	/pg_Backup/stage

1. Set SELINUX to Permissive and Restart the server

# Set SELINUX to permissive

[root@pgdb02 ~]# grep ^SELINUX= /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=enforcing
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/selinux/config
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# grep ^SELINUX= /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=permissive
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# shutdown -Fr now   <---- Restart the server to take effect

2. Install Dependencies

**Note:** For testing purposes, I intentionally did not install the following dependency packages: dnf install -y perl perl-core perl-ExtUtils-MakeMakerWe can see dependency-related error to be reproduced and observed during the installation process.**Caution:** If you do not want to encounter the error described in **Step 7**, install the above packages before proceeding.As part of this exercise, the installation will be cleaned up after the error is encountered, and the installation process will then be repeated with the required dependencies installed to demonstrate a successful installation.

[root@pgdb01 ~]# dnf install -y readline-devel zlib-devel gcc make libicu-devel openssl-devel bison flex wget tar
Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:12 ago on Tue 21 Apr 2026 07:35:12 PM.
Package wget-1.21.1-8.el9_4.x86_64 is already installed.
Package tar-2:1.34-7.el9.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                                 Architecture                          Version                                                 Repository                                        Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 bison                                                   x86_64                                3.7.4-5.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    1.0 M
 flex                                                    x86_64                                2.6.4-9.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    341 k
 gcc                                                     x86_64                                11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                     33 M
 libicu-devel                                            x86_64                                67.1-10.el9_6                                           ol9_appstream                                    1.3 M
 make                                                    x86_64                                1:4.3-8.el9                                             ol9_baseos_latest                                570 k
 openssl-devel                                           x86_64                                1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7                                     ol9_appstream                                    4.2 M
 readline-devel                                          x86_64                                8.1-4.el9                                               ol9_appstream                                    238 k
 zlib-devel                                              x86_64                                1.2.11-40.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                     51 k
Upgrading:
 cpp                                                     x86_64                                11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                     11 M
 glibc                                                   x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                2.0 M
 glibc-all-langpacks                                     x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                 18 M
 glibc-common                                            x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                330 k
 glibc-gconv-extra                                       x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                1.8 M
 glibc-langpack-en                                       x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                969 k
 libgcc                                                  x86_64                                11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                       ol9_baseos_latest                                 94 k
 libgomp                                                 x86_64                                11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                       ol9_baseos_latest                                263 k
 libicu                                                  x86_64                                67.1-10.el9_6                                           ol9_baseos_latest                                9.6 M
 openssl                                                 x86_64                                1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7                                     ol9_baseos_latest                                1.6 M
 openssl-fips-provider                                   x86_64                                3.0.7-8.0.1.el9                                         ol9_baseos_latest                                8.3 k
 openssl-fips-provider-so                                x86_64                                3.0.7-8.0.1.el9                                         ol9_baseos_latest                                575 k
 openssl-libs                                            x86_64                                1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7                                     ol9_baseos_latest                                2.3 M
 tar                                                     x86_64                                2:1.34-9.el9_7                                          ol9_baseos_latest                                927 k
Installing dependencies:
 glibc-devel                                             x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_appstream                                     60 k
 glibc-headers                                           x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_appstream                                    921 k
 kernel-headers                                          x86_64                                5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7                                   ol9_appstream                                    3.6 M
 libxcrypt-devel                                         x86_64                                4.4.18-3.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                     42 k
 m4                                                      x86_64                                1.4.19-1.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    333 k
 ncurses-c++-libs                                        x86_64                                6.2-10.20210508.el9                                     ol9_appstream                                     36 k
 ncurses-devel                                           x86_64                                6.2-10.20210508.el9                                     ol9_appstream                                    684 k

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
Install  15 Packages
Upgrade  14 Packages

Total download size: 95 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/29): make-4.3-8.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                             1.3 MB/s | 570 kB     00:00
(2/29): flex-2.6.4-9.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                           792 kB/s | 341 kB     00:00
(3/29): bison-3.7.4-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                          2.2 MB/s | 1.0 MB     00:00
(4/29): glibc-devel-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                          1.4 MB/s |  60 kB     00:00
(5/29): glibc-headers-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        3.8 MB/s | 921 kB     00:00
(6/29): kernel-headers-5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       3.7 MB/s | 3.6 MB     00:00
(7/29): libicu-devel-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 1.6 MB/s | 1.3 MB     00:00
(8/29): libxcrypt-devel-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               885 kB/s |  42 kB     00:00
(9/29): ncurses-c++-libs-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       255 kB/s |  36 kB     00:00
(10/29): m4-1.4.19-1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                           1.9 MB/s | 333 kB     00:00
(11/29): ncurses-devel-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         2.8 MB/s | 684 kB     00:00
(12/29): readline-devel-8.1-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                  1.5 MB/s | 238 kB     00:00
(13/29): zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                  425 kB/s |  51 kB     00:00
(14/29): glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               3.2 MB/s | 2.0 MB     00:00
(15/29): openssl-devel-3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                           3.5 MB/s | 4.2 MB     00:01
(16/29): glibc-common-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        1.9 MB/s | 330 kB     00:00
(17/29): glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                   3.0 MB/s | 1.8 MB     00:00
(18/29): glibc-langpack-en-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                   2.4 MB/s | 969 kB     00:00
(19/29): libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                  921 kB/s |  94 kB     00:00
(20/29): libgomp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 1.3 MB/s | 263 kB     00:00
(21/29): glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                 5.4 MB/s |  18 MB     00:03
(22/29): openssl-3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 3.2 MB/s | 1.6 MB     00:00
(23/29): openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                     273 kB/s | 8.3 kB     00:00
(24/29): libicu-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                      3.9 MB/s | 9.6 MB     00:02
(25/29): openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                  2.3 MB/s | 575 kB     00:00
(26/29): tar-1.34-9.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                          3.7 MB/s | 927 kB     00:00
(27/29): openssl-libs-3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                            3.6 MB/s | 2.3 MB     00:00
(28/29): cpp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                     5.4 MB/s |  11 MB     00:02
(29/29): gcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                     3.5 MB/s |  33 MB     00:09
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                                                                                                                         9.8 MB/s |  95 MB     00:09
Oracle Linux 9 BaseOS Latest (x86_64)                                                                                                                                         3.9 MB/s | 6.2 kB     00:00
Importing GPG key 0x8D8B756F:
 Userid     : "Oracle Linux (release key 1) <secalert_us@oracle.com>"
 Fingerprint: 3E6D 826D 3FBA B389 C2F3 8E34 BC4D 06A0 8D8B 756F
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle
Key imported successfully
Importing GPG key 0x8B4EFBE6:
 Userid     : "Oracle Linux (backup key 1) <secalert_us@oracle.com>"
 Fingerprint: 9822 3175 9C74 6706 5D0C E9B2 A7DD 0708 8B4E FBE6
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle
Key imported successfully
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                                                                                                                                                      1/1
  Upgrading        : glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                    1/43
  Upgrading        : glibc-common-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                           2/43
  Upgrading        : glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                      3/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                      3/43
  Upgrading        : glibc-langpack-en-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                      4/43
  Upgrading        : libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     5/43
  Running scriptlet: libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     5/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  6/43
  Upgrading        : glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  6/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  6/43
  Installing       : m4-1.4.19-1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                              7/43
  Installing       : make-1:4.3-8.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                             8/43
  Installing       : glibc-headers-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                          9/43
  Installing       : ncurses-c++-libs-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        10/43
  Installing       : ncurses-devel-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                           11/43
  Upgrading        : libgomp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   12/43
  Upgrading        : libicu-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        13/43
  Upgrading        : openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                    14/43
  Upgrading        : openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                       15/43
  Upgrading        : openssl-libs-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                            16/43
  Upgrading        : cpp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                       17/43
  Installing       : kernel-headers-5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                        18/43
  Installing       : libxcrypt-devel-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                19/43
  Installing       : glibc-devel-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                           20/43
  Installing       : gcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                       21/43
  Installing       : openssl-devel-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                           22/43
  Upgrading        : openssl-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 23/43
  Installing       : libicu-devel-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  24/43
  Installing       : readline-devel-8.1-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    25/43
  Installing       : bison-3.7.4-5.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                           26/43
  Installing       : flex-2.6.4-9.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            27/43
  Upgrading        : tar-2:1.34-9.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                          28/43
  Installing       : zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    29/43
  Cleanup          : openssl-1:3.2.2-6.0.1.el9_5.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                               30/43
  Cleanup          : libicu-67.1-9.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                           31/43
  Cleanup          : openssl-libs-1:3.2.2-6.0.1.el9_5.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                          32/43
  Cleanup          : cpp-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        33/43
  Cleanup          : tar-2:1.34-7.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            34/43
  Cleanup          : libgomp-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    35/43
  Cleanup          : openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-6.0.1.el9_5.x86_64                                                                                                                                     36/43
  Cleanup          : openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-6.0.1.el9_5.x86_64                                                                                                                                  37/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        38/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          39/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          39/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-common-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               40/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-langpack-en-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          41/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                      42/43
  Cleanup          : libgcc-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     43/43
  Running scriptlet: libgcc-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     43/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                   43/43
  Running scriptlet: libgcc-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     43/43
  Verifying        : make-1:4.3-8.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                             1/43
  Verifying        : bison-3.7.4-5.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            2/43
  Verifying        : flex-2.6.4-9.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                             3/43
  Verifying        : gcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        4/43
  Verifying        : glibc-devel-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                            5/43
  Verifying        : glibc-headers-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                          6/43
  Verifying        : kernel-headers-5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                         7/43
  Verifying        : libicu-devel-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   8/43
  Verifying        : libxcrypt-devel-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 9/43
  Verifying        : m4-1.4.19-1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                             10/43
  Verifying        : ncurses-c++-libs-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        11/43
  Verifying        : ncurses-devel-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                           12/43
  Verifying        : openssl-devel-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                           13/43
  Verifying        : readline-devel-8.1-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    14/43
  Verifying        : zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    15/43
  Verifying        : glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 16/43
  Verifying        : glibc-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                      17/43
  Verifying        : glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                   18/43
  Verifying        : glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        19/43
  Verifying        : glibc-common-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                          20/43
  Verifying        : glibc-common-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               21/43
  Verifying        : glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                     22/43
  Verifying        : glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          23/43
  Verifying        : glibc-langpack-en-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                     24/43
  Verifying        : glibc-langpack-en-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          25/43
  Verifying        : libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    26/43
  Verifying        : libgcc-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     27/43
  Verifying        : libgomp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   28/43
  Verifying        : libgomp-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    29/43
  Verifying        : libicu-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        30/43
  Verifying        : libicu-67.1-9.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                           31/43
  Verifying        : openssl-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 32/43
  Verifying        : openssl-1:3.2.2-6.0.1.el9_5.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                               33/43
  Verifying        : openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                       34/43
  Verifying        : openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-6.0.1.el9_5.x86_64                                                                                                                                     35/43
  Verifying        : openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                    36/43
  Verifying        : openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-6.0.1.el9_5.x86_64                                                                                                                                  37/43
  Verifying        : openssl-libs-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                            38/43
  Verifying        : openssl-libs-1:3.2.2-6.0.1.el9_5.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                          39/43
  Verifying        : tar-2:1.34-9.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                          40/43
  Verifying        : tar-2:1.34-7.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            41/43
  Verifying        : cpp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                       42/43
  Verifying        : cpp-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        43/43

Upgraded:
  cpp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                      glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64    glibc-common-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64
  glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64    glibc-langpack-en-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64    libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                     libgomp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64
  libicu-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                       openssl-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64        openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64
  openssl-libs-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64           tar-2:1.34-9.el9_7.x86_64
Installed:
  bison-3.7.4-5.el9.x86_64                           flex-2.6.4-9.el9.x86_64                             gcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                        glibc-devel-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64
  glibc-headers-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64         kernel-headers-5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7.x86_64         libicu-devel-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                   libxcrypt-devel-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64
  m4-1.4.19-1.el9.x86_64                             make-1:4.3-8.el9.x86_64                             ncurses-c++-libs-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64         ncurses-devel-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64
  openssl-devel-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64           readline-devel-8.1-4.el9.x86_64                     zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64

Complete!
[root@pgdb01 ~]#

3. Create postgres User

[root@pgdb01 ~]# useradd postgres
[root@pgdb01 ~]# passwd postgres
Changing password for user postgres.
New password:
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@pgdb01 ~]#

4. Download PostgreSQL Source

[root@pgdb01 ~]# mkdir -p /pg_Backup/stage

[root@pgdb01 ~]# cd /pg_Backup/stage
[root@pgdb01 stage]# wget https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v17.4/postgresql-17.4.tar.gz
--2026-04-21 20:22:48--  https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v17.4/postgresql-17.4.tar.gz
Resolving ftp.postgresql.org (ftp.postgresql.org)... 151.101.211.52, 2a04:4e42:31::820
Connecting to ftp.postgresql.org (ftp.postgresql.org)|151.101.211.52|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 28056622 (27M) [application/gzip]
Saving to: ‘postgresql-17.4.tar.gz’

postgresql-17.4.tar.gz                              100%[=================================================================================================================>]  26.76M  10.2MB/s    in 2.6s

2026-04-21 20:22:51 (10.2 MB/s) - ‘postgresql-17.4.tar.gz’ saved [28056622/28056622]

[root@pgdb01 stage]#

5. Extract Source

[root@pgdb01 stage]# tar -xvf postgresql-17.4.tar.gz
postgresql-17.4/
postgresql-17.4/.cirrus.star
postgresql-17.4/.cirrus.tasks.yml
..
..
postgresql-17.4/src/tutorial/funcs.source
postgresql-17.4/src/tutorial/syscat.source
[root@pgdb01 stage]#
[root@pgdb01 stage]# ls -ltr
total 27404
drwxrwxr-x. 6 root root     4096 Feb 18  2025 postgresql-17.4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 28056622 Feb 18  2025 postgresql-17.4.tar.gz
[root@pgdb01 stage]# cd postgresql-17.4
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# pwd
/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

6. Configure Build

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# ls -ltr /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/configure
-rwxrwxr-x. 1 root root 580836 Feb 18  2025 /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/configure
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

Configure do only:

-- checks system dependencies
-- prepares Makefiles
-- stores your install path (/pgbin/pgsql/17.4) internally, it won't create bin directory.
-- It does NOT install anything yet


[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# ./configure --prefix=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4 --with-pgport=5432
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking which template to use... linux
checking whether NLS is wanted... no
checking for default port number... 5432
checking for block size... 8kB
checking for segment size... 1GB
checking for WAL block size... 8kB
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C99... none needed
checking for g++... no
checking for c++... no
checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... no
checking whether g++ accepts -g... no
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether gcc supports -Wdeclaration-after-statement, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Werror=vla, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Werror=unguarded-availability-new, for CFLAGS... no
checking whether g++ supports -Werror=unguarded-availability-new, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wendif-labels, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wendif-labels, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wmissing-format-attribute, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wmissing-format-attribute, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wcast-function-type, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wcast-function-type, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wshadow=compatible-local, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wshadow=compatible-local, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wformat-security, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wformat-security, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -fno-strict-aliasing, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -fno-strict-aliasing, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -fwrapv, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -fwrapv, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -fexcess-precision=standard, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -fexcess-precision=standard, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -funroll-loops, for CFLAGS_UNROLL_LOOPS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -ftree-vectorize, for CFLAGS_VECTORIZE... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wunused-command-line-argument, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wcompound-token-split-by-macro, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wformat-truncation, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wstringop-truncation, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wcast-function-type-strict, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -fvisibility=hidden, for CFLAGS_SL_MODULE... yes
checking whether g++ supports -fvisibility=hidden, for CXXFLAGS_SL_MODULE... no
checking whether g++ supports -fvisibility-inlines-hidden, for CXXFLAGS_SL_MODULE... no
checking whether the C compiler still works... yes
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
checking pkg-config is at least version 0.9.0... yes
checking whether to build with ICU support... yes
checking for icu-uc icu-i18n... yes
checking whether to build with Tcl... no
checking whether to build Perl modules... no
checking whether to build Python modules... no
checking whether to build with GSSAPI support... no
checking whether to build with PAM support... no
checking whether to build with BSD Authentication support... no
checking whether to build with LDAP support... no
checking whether to build with Bonjour support... no
checking whether to build with SELinux support... no
checking whether to build with systemd support... no
checking whether to build with XML support... no
checking whether to build with LZ4 support... no
checking whether to build with ZSTD support... no
checking for strip... strip
checking whether it is possible to strip libraries... yes
checking for ar... ar
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking for tar... /usr/bin/tar
checking whether ln -s works... yes
checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
checking for bison... /usr/bin/bison
configure: using bison (GNU Bison) 3.7.4
checking for flex... /usr/bin/flex
configure: using flex 2.6.4
checking for perl... /usr/bin/perl
configure: using perl 5.32.1
checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /usr/bin/sed
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking whether gcc is Clang... no
checking whether pthreads work with -pthread... yes
checking for joinable pthread attribute... PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE
checking whether more special flags are required for pthreads... no
checking for PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT... yes
checking pthread.h usability... yes
checking pthread.h presence... yes
checking for pthread.h... yes
checking for strerror_r... yes
checking whether strerror_r returns int... no
checking for main in -lm... yes
checking for library containing setproctitle... no
checking for library containing dlsym... none required
checking for library containing socket... none required
checking for library containing getopt_long... none required
checking for library containing shm_open... none required
checking for library containing shm_unlink... none required
checking for library containing clock_gettime... none required
checking for library containing shmget... none required
checking for library containing backtrace_symbols... none required
checking for library containing pthread_barrier_wait... none required
checking for library containing readline... -lreadline
checking for inflate in -lz... yes
checking atomic.h usability... no
checking atomic.h presence... no
checking for atomic.h... no
checking copyfile.h usability... no
checking copyfile.h presence... no
checking for copyfile.h... no
checking execinfo.h usability... yes
checking execinfo.h presence... yes
checking for execinfo.h... yes
checking getopt.h usability... yes
checking getopt.h presence... yes
checking for getopt.h... yes
checking ifaddrs.h usability... yes
checking ifaddrs.h presence... yes
checking for ifaddrs.h... yes
checking langinfo.h usability... yes
checking langinfo.h presence... yes
checking for langinfo.h... yes
checking mbarrier.h usability... no
checking mbarrier.h presence... no
checking for mbarrier.h... no
checking sys/epoll.h usability... yes
checking sys/epoll.h presence... yes
checking for sys/epoll.h... yes
checking sys/event.h usability... no
checking sys/event.h presence... no
checking for sys/event.h... no
checking sys/personality.h usability... yes
checking sys/personality.h presence... yes
checking for sys/personality.h... yes
checking sys/prctl.h usability... yes
checking sys/prctl.h presence... yes
checking for sys/prctl.h... yes
checking sys/procctl.h usability... no
checking sys/procctl.h presence... no
checking for sys/procctl.h... no
checking sys/signalfd.h usability... yes
checking sys/signalfd.h presence... yes
checking for sys/signalfd.h... yes
checking sys/ucred.h usability... no
checking sys/ucred.h presence... no
checking for sys/ucred.h... no
checking termios.h usability... yes
checking termios.h presence... yes
checking for termios.h... yes
checking ucred.h usability... no
checking ucred.h presence... no
checking for ucred.h... no
checking readline/readline.h usability... yes
checking readline/readline.h presence... yes
checking for readline/readline.h... yes
checking readline/history.h usability... yes
checking readline/history.h presence... yes
checking for readline/history.h... yes
checking zlib.h usability... yes
checking zlib.h presence... yes
checking for zlib.h... yes
checking for lz4... no
checking for zstd... no
checking for openssl... /usr/bin/openssl
configure: using openssl: OpenSSL 3.5.1 1 Jul 2025 (Library: OpenSSL 3.5.1 1 Jul 2025)
checking whether byte ordering is bigendian... no
checking for inline... inline
checking for printf format archetype... gnu_printf
checking for _Static_assert... yes
checking for typeof... typeof
checking for __builtin_types_compatible_p... yes
checking for __builtin_constant_p... yes
checking for __builtin_unreachable... yes
checking for computed goto support... yes
checking for struct tm.tm_zone... yes
checking for union semun... no
checking for socklen_t... yes
checking for struct sockaddr.sa_len... no
checking for locale_t... yes
checking for C/C++ restrict keyword... __restrict
checking for struct option... yes
checking whether assembler supports x86_64 popcntq... yes
checking for special C compiler options needed for large files... no
checking for _FILE_OFFSET_BITS value needed for large files... no
checking size of off_t... 8
checking size of bool... 1
checking for int timezone... yes
checking for wcstombs_l declaration... no
checking for backtrace_symbols... yes
checking for copyfile... no
checking for copy_file_range... yes
checking for getifaddrs... yes
checking for getpeerucred... no
checking for inet_pton... yes
checking for kqueue... no
checking for mbstowcs_l... no
checking for memset_s... no
checking for posix_fallocate... yes
checking for ppoll... yes
checking for pthread_is_threaded_np... no
checking for setproctitle... no
checking for setproctitle_fast... no
checking for strchrnul... yes
checking for strsignal... yes
checking for syncfs... yes
checking for sync_file_range... yes
checking for uselocale... yes
checking for wcstombs_l... no
checking for __builtin_bswap16... yes
checking for __builtin_bswap32... yes
checking for __builtin_bswap64... yes
checking for __builtin_clz... yes
checking for __builtin_ctz... yes
checking for __builtin_popcount... yes
checking for __builtin_frame_address... yes
checking for _LARGEFILE_SOURCE value needed for large files... no
checking how gcc reports undeclared, standard C functions... error
checking for posix_fadvise... yes
checking whether posix_fadvise is declared... yes
checking whether fdatasync is declared... yes
checking whether strlcat is declared... no
checking whether strlcpy is declared... no
checking whether strnlen is declared... yes
checking whether preadv is declared... yes
checking whether pwritev is declared... yes
checking whether F_FULLFSYNC is declared... no
checking for explicit_bzero... yes
checking for getopt... yes
checking for getpeereid... no
checking for inet_aton... yes
checking for mkdtemp... yes
checking for strlcat... no
checking for strlcpy... no
checking for strnlen... yes
checking for pthread_barrier_wait... yes
checking for getopt_long... yes
checking for syslog... yes
checking syslog.h usability... yes
checking syslog.h presence... yes
checking for syslog.h... yes
checking for opterr... yes
checking for optreset... no
checking unicode/ucol.h usability... yes
checking unicode/ucol.h presence... yes
checking for unicode/ucol.h... yes
checking for rl_completion_suppress_quote... yes
checking for rl_filename_quote_characters... yes
checking for rl_filename_quoting_function... yes
checking for append_history... yes
checking for history_truncate_file... yes
checking for rl_completion_matches... yes
checking for rl_filename_completion_function... yes
checking for rl_reset_screen_size... yes
checking for rl_variable_bind... yes
checking test program... ok
checking whether long int is 64 bits... yes
checking for __builtin_mul_overflow... yes
checking size of void *... 8
checking size of size_t... 8
checking size of long... 8
checking alignment of short... 2
checking alignment of int... 4
checking alignment of long... 8
checking alignment of double... 8
checking for int8... no
checking for uint8... no
checking for int64... no
checking for uint64... no
checking for __int128... yes
checking for __int128 alignment bug... ok
checking alignment of PG_INT128_TYPE... 16
checking for builtin __sync char locking functions... yes
checking for builtin __sync int32 locking functions... yes
checking for builtin __sync int32 atomic operations... yes
checking for builtin __sync int64 atomic operations... yes
checking for builtin __atomic int32 atomic operations... yes
checking for builtin __atomic int64 atomic operations... yes
checking for __get_cpuid... yes
checking for __get_cpuid_count... yes
checking for __cpuid... no
checking for __cpuidex... no
checking for _xgetbv with CFLAGS=... no
checking for _xgetbv with CFLAGS=-mxsave... yes
checking for _mm512_popcnt_epi64 with CFLAGS=... no
checking for _mm512_popcnt_epi64 with CFLAGS=-mavx512vpopcntdq -mavx512bw... yes
checking for _mm_crc32_u8 and _mm_crc32_u32 with CFLAGS=... yes
checking for __crc32cb, __crc32ch, __crc32cw, and __crc32cd with CFLAGS=... no
checking for __crc32cb, __crc32ch, __crc32cw, and __crc32cd with CFLAGS=-march=armv8-a+crc+simd... no
checking for __crc32cb, __crc32ch, __crc32cw, and __crc32cd with CFLAGS=-march=armv8-a+crc... no
checking for __builtin_loongarch_crcc_w_b_w, __builtin_loongarch_crcc_w_h_w, __builtin_loongarch_crcc_w_w_w and __builtin_loongarch_crcc_w_d_w... no
checking which CRC-32C implementation to use... SSE 4.2
checking for library containing sem_init... none required
checking which semaphore API to use... unnamed POSIX
checking which random number source to use... /dev/urandom
checking for /dev/urandom... yes
checking for xmllint... /usr/bin/xmllint
checking for xsltproc... /usr/bin/xsltproc
checking for fop... no
checking for dbtoepub... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wl,--as-needed, for LDFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wl,--export-dynamic, for LDFLAGS_EX_BE... yes
configure: using compiler=gcc (GCC) 11.5.0 20240719 (Red Hat 11.5.0-11.0.2)
configure: using CFLAGS=-Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror=vla -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wcast-function-type -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -O2
configure: using CPPFLAGS= -D_GNU_SOURCE
configure: using LDFLAGS=  -Wl,--as-needed
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating GNUmakefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile.global
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config.h
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config_ext.h
config.status: creating src/interfaces/ecpg/include/ecpg_config.h
config.status: linking src/backend/port/tas/dummy.s to src/backend/port/tas.s
config.status: linking src/backend/port/posix_sema.c to src/backend/port/pg_sema.c
config.status: linking src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c to src/backend/port/pg_shmem.c
config.status: linking src/include/port/linux.h to src/include/pg_config_os.h
config.status: linking src/makefiles/Makefile.linux to src/Makefile.port
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

7. Compile Source

A Makefile is a special text configuration file used by the make build automation tool to automatically compile and link C programs. Instead of manually typing long gcc compilation commands every time you modify your code, a Makefile lets you build your entire project by simply typing make into your terminal.

make compiles source code into executable binary files, while make install copies those compiled files into your system directories so the program can be run from anywhere.

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# which make
/usr/bin/make
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# ls -ltr Makefile
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 1822 Feb 18  2025 Makefile
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# make
make -C ./src/backend generated-headers
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/backend'
make -C ../include/catalog generated-headers
make[2]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/include/catalog'
'/usr/bin/perl' ../../../src/backend/catalog/genbki.pl --include-path=../../../src/include/ \
        --set-version=17 ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_proc.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_type.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_attribute.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_class.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_attrdef.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_constraint.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_inherits.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_index.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_operator.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_opfamily.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_opclass.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_am.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_amop.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_amproc.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_language.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_largeobject_metadata.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_largeobject.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_aggregate.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_statistic.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_statistic_ext.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_statistic_ext_data.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_rewrite.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_trigger.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_event_trigger.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_description.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_cast.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_enum.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_namespace.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_conversion.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_depend.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_database.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_db_role_setting.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_tablespace.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_authid.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_auth_members.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_shdepend.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_shdescription.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_config.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_config_map.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_dict.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_parser.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_template.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_extension.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_foreign_data_wrapper.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_foreign_server.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_user_mapping.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_foreign_table.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_policy.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_replication_origin.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_default_acl.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_init_privs.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_seclabel.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_shseclabel.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_collation.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_parameter_acl.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_partitioned_table.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_range.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_transform.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_sequence.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_publication.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_publication_namespace.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_publication_rel.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_subscription.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_subscription_rel.h
Can't locate FindBin.pm in @INC (you may need to install the FindBin module) (@INC contains: /usr/local/lib64/perl5/5.32 /usr/local/share/perl5/5.32 /usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl /usr/lib64/perl5 /usr/share/perl5) at ../../../src/backend/catalog/genbki.pl line 20.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted at ../../../src/backend/catalog/genbki.pl line 20.
make[2]: *** [Makefile:141: bki-stamp] Error 2
make[2]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/include/catalog'
make[1]: *** [Makefile:121: submake-catalog-headers] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/backend'
make: *** [src/Makefile.global:384: submake-generated-headers] Error 2
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

`* The FindBin module is a core Perl library used to locate the absolute directory path of the currently executing script. It is primarily used in conjunction with the lib module to dynamically load local, relative modules without hardcoding paths. **`

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# dnf install -y perl perl-core perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker
Last metadata expiration check: 1:17:45 ago on Tue 21 Apr 2026 07:35:12 PM.
Dependencies resolved.
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                                    Architecture                         Version                                                Repository                                       Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 perl                                                       x86_64                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker                                    noarch                               2:7.60-3.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   352 k
Upgrading:
 libstdc++                                                  x86_64                               11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                      ol9_baseos_latest                               757 k
 perl-Errno                                                 x86_64                               1.30-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-interpreter                                           x86_64                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                    76 k
 perl-libs                                                  x86_64                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                   2.7 M
Installing dependencies:
 annobin                                                    x86_64                               12.92-1.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                   1.1 M
 dwz                                                        x86_64                               0.16-1.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   139 k
 efi-srpm-macros                                            noarch                               6-4.0.1.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    26 k
 fonts-srpm-macros                                          noarch                               1:2.0.5-7.el9.1                                        ol9_appstream                                    32 k
 gcc-c++                                                    x86_64                               11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                      ol9_appstream                                    13 M
 gcc-plugin-annobin                                         x86_64                               11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                      ol9_appstream                                    38 k
 ghc-srpm-macros                                            noarch                               1.5.0-6.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                   8.7 k
 go-srpm-macros                                             noarch                               3.6.0-14.el9_7                                         ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 kernel-srpm-macros                                         noarch                               1.0-14.0.1.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 libstdc++-devel                                            x86_64                               11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                      ol9_appstream                                   3.1 M
 lua-srpm-macros                                            noarch                               1-6.el9                                                ol9_appstream                                   9.4 k
 ocaml-srpm-macros                                          noarch                               6-6.el9                                                ol9_appstream                                   8.7 k
 openblas-srpm-macros                                       noarch                               2-11.el9                                               ol9_appstream                                   8.3 k
 perl-Algorithm-Diff                                        noarch                               1.2010-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    58 k
 perl-Archive-Tar                                           noarch                               2.38-6.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    85 k
 perl-Archive-Zip                                           noarch                               1.68-6.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   144 k
 perl-Attribute-Handlers                                    noarch                               1.01-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    26 k
 perl-AutoSplit                                             noarch                               5.74-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 perl-Benchmark                                             noarch                               1.23-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    25 k
 perl-CPAN                                                  noarch                               2.29-5.el9_6                                           ol9_appstream                                   630 k
 perl-CPAN-Meta                                             noarch                               2.150010-460.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                   292 k
 perl-CPAN-Meta-Requirements                                noarch                               2.140-461.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    38 k
 perl-CPAN-Meta-YAML                                        noarch                               0.018-461.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-Compress-Bzip2                                        x86_64                               2.28-5.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    78 k
 perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2                                    x86_64                               2.101-5.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    40 k
 perl-Compress-Raw-Lzma                                     x86_64                               2.101-3.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    57 k
 perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib                                     x86_64                               2.101-5.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    66 k
 perl-Config-Extensions                                     noarch                               0.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-Config-Perl-V                                         noarch                               0.33-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-DBM_Filter                                            noarch                               0.06-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    43 k
 perl-DB_File                                               x86_64                               1.855-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    87 k
 perl-Data-OptList                                          noarch                               0.110-17.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    36 k
 perl-Data-Section                                          noarch                               0.200007-14.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                    30 k
 perl-Devel-PPPort                                          x86_64                               3.62-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   220 k
 perl-Devel-Peek                                            x86_64                               1.28-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    30 k
 perl-Devel-SelfStubber                                     noarch                               1.06-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-Devel-Size                                            x86_64                               0.83-10.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    32 k
 perl-Digest-SHA                                            x86_64                               1:6.02-461.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    70 k
 perl-Digest-SHA1                                           x86_64                               2.13-34.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    60 k
 perl-DirHandle                                             noarch                               1.05-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-Dumpvalue                                             noarch                               2.27-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    17 k
 perl-Encode-devel                                          x86_64                               4:3.08-462.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    51 k
 perl-English                                               noarch                               1.11-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-Env                                                   noarch                               1.04-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    25 k
 perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder                                     noarch                               1:0.280236-4.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                    69 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Command                                      noarch                               2:7.60-3.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Constant                                     noarch                               0.25-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    55 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Embed                                        noarch                               1.35-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Install                                      noarch                               2.20-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    53 k
 perl-ExtUtils-MM-Utils                                     noarch                               2:7.60-3.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Manifest                                     noarch                               1:1.73-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    40 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Miniperl                                     noarch                               1.09-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    14 k
 perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS                                      noarch                               1:3.40-460.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                   212 k
 perl-File-Compare                                          noarch                               1.100.600-481.1.el9_6                                  ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-File-Copy                                             noarch                               2.34-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    19 k
 perl-File-DosGlob                                          x86_64                               1.12-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    18 k
 perl-File-Fetch                                            noarch                               1.00-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-File-HomeDir                                          noarch                               1.006-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    81 k
 perl-File-Which                                            noarch                               1.23-10.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    22 k
 perl-FileCache                                             noarch                               1.10-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-Filter                                                x86_64                               2:1.60-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   121 k
 perl-Filter-Simple                                         noarch                               0.96-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-FindBin                                               noarch                               1.51-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-GDBM_File                                             x86_64                               1.18-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    21 k
 perl-Hash-Util                                             x86_64                               0.23-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    33 k
 perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash                                   x86_64                               1.20-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    36 k
 perl-I18N-Collate                                          noarch                               1.02-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-I18N-LangTags                                         noarch                               0.44-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    59 k
 perl-I18N-Langinfo                                         x86_64                               0.19-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    21 k
 perl-IO-Compress                                           noarch                               2.102-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                   321 k
 perl-IO-Compress-Lzma                                      noarch                               2.101-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                   101 k
 perl-IO-Zlib                                               noarch                               1:1.11-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 perl-IPC-Cmd                                               noarch                               2:1.04-461.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    40 k
 perl-IPC-SysV                                              x86_64                               2.09-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    55 k
 perl-IPC-System-Simple                                     noarch                               1.30-6.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    46 k
 perl-Importer                                              noarch                               0.026-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    45 k
 perl-JSON-PP                                               noarch                               1:4.06-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    74 k
 perl-Locale-Maketext                                       noarch                               1.29-461.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   108 k
 perl-Locale-Maketext-Simple                                noarch                               1:0.21-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 perl-MIME-Charset                                          noarch                               1.012.2-15.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    60 k
 perl-MRO-Compat                                            noarch                               0.13-15.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    27 k
 perl-Math-BigInt-FastCalc                                  x86_64                               0.500.900-460.el9                                      ol9_appstream                                    35 k
 perl-Math-BigRat                                           noarch                               0.2614-460.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    46 k
 perl-Memoize                                               noarch                               1.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    72 k
 perl-Module-Build                                          noarch                               2:0.42.31-9.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                   305 k
 perl-Module-CoreList                                       noarch                               1:5.20240609-1.el9                                     ol9_appstream                                    95 k
 perl-Module-CoreList-tools                                 noarch                               1:5.20240609-1.el9                                     ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 perl-Module-Load                                           noarch                               1:0.36-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    18 k
 perl-Module-Load-Conditional                               noarch                               0.74-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    23 k
 perl-Module-Loaded                                         noarch                               1:0.08-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-Module-Metadata                                       noarch                               1.000037-460.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                    42 k
 perl-Module-Signature                                      noarch                               0.88-1.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    95 k
 perl-NEXT                                                  noarch                               0.67-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    19 k
 perl-Net                                                   noarch                               1.02-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    33 k
 perl-Net-Ping                                              noarch                               2.74-5.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    55 k
 perl-ODBM_File                                             x86_64                               1.16-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    21 k
 perl-Object-HashBase                                       noarch                               0.009-7.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-Opcode                                                x86_64                               1.48-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    40 k
 perl-Package-Generator                                     noarch                               1.106-23.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-Params-Check                                          noarch                               1:0.38-461.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    23 k
 perl-Params-Util                                           x86_64                               1.102-5.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    41 k
 perl-Perl-OSType                                           noarch                               1.010-461.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    29 k
 perl-PerlIO-via-QuotedPrint                                noarch                               0.09-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    29 k
 perl-Pod-Checker                                           noarch                               4:1.74-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    38 k
 perl-Pod-Functions                                         noarch                               1.13-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-Pod-Html                                              noarch                               1.25-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-Safe                                                  noarch                               2.41-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    23 k
 perl-Search-Dict                                           noarch                               1.07-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-SelfLoader                                            noarch                               1.26-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 perl-Software-License                                      noarch                               0.103014-12.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                   196 k
 perl-Sub-Exporter                                          noarch                               0.987-27.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   103 k
 perl-Sub-Install                                           noarch                               0.928-28.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-Sys-Hostname                                          x86_64                               1.23-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-Sys-Syslog                                            x86_64                               0.36-461.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    54 k
 perl-Term-Complete                                         noarch                               1.403-481.1.el9_6                                      ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-Term-ReadLine                                         noarch                               1.17-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    17 k
 perl-Term-Size-Perl                                        x86_64                               0.031-12.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-Term-Table                                            noarch                               0.015-8.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    50 k
 perl-Test                                                  noarch                               1.31-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    27 k
 perl-Test-Harness                                          noarch                               1:3.42-461.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                   387 k
 perl-Test-Simple                                           noarch                               3:1.302183-4.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                   949 k
 perl-Text-Abbrev                                           noarch                               1.02-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-Text-Balanced                                         noarch                               2.04-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    53 k
 perl-Text-Diff                                             noarch                               1.45-13.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    50 k
 perl-Text-Glob                                             noarch                               0.11-15.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    14 k
 perl-Text-Template                                         noarch                               1.59-5.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    66 k
 perl-Thread                                                noarch                               3.05-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 perl-Thread-Queue                                          noarch                               3.14-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-Thread-Semaphore                                      noarch                               2.13-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    14 k
 perl-Tie                                                   noarch                               4.6-481.1.el9_6                                        ol9_appstream                                    41 k
 perl-Tie-File                                              noarch                               1.06-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    42 k
 perl-Tie-Memoize                                           noarch                               1.1-481.1.el9_6                                        ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-Tie-RefHash                                           noarch                               1.40-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    29 k
 perl-Time                                                  noarch                               1.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    24 k
 perl-Time-HiRes                                            x86_64                               4:1.9764-462.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                    64 k
 perl-Time-Piece                                            x86_64                               1.3401-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    45 k
 perl-Unicode-Collate                                       x86_64                               1.29-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   849 k
 perl-Unicode-Normalize                                     x86_64                               1.27-461.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    96 k
 perl-Unicode-UCD                                           noarch                               0.75-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    77 k
 perl-User-pwent                                            noarch                               1.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    24 k
 perl-autodie                                               noarch                               2.34-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   117 k
 perl-autouse                                               noarch                               1.11-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-bignum                                                noarch                               0.51-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    56 k
 perl-blib                                                  noarch                               1.07-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-debugger                                              noarch                               1.56-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                   139 k
 perl-deprecate                                             noarch                               0.04-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-devel                                                 x86_64                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                   748 k
 perl-diagnostics                                           noarch                               1.37-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                   216 k
 perl-doc                                                   noarch                               5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                   4.9 M
 perl-encoding                                              x86_64                               4:3.00-462.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    68 k
 perl-encoding-warnings                                     noarch                               0.13-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-experimental                                          noarch                               0.022-6.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    27 k
 perl-fields                                                noarch                               2.27-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-filetest                                              noarch                               1.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-inc-latest                                            noarch                               2:0.500-20.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-less                                                  noarch                               0.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-lib                                                   x86_64                               0.65-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-libnetcfg                                             noarch                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-local-lib                                             noarch                               2.000024-13.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                    76 k
 perl-macros                                                noarch                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                   9.2 k
 perl-meta-notation                                         noarch                               5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                   8.2 k
 perl-open                                                  noarch                               1.12-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-perlfaq                                               noarch                               5.20210520-1.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                   399 k
 perl-ph                                                    x86_64                               5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    67 k
 perl-sigtrap                                               noarch                               1.09-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    14 k
 perl-sort                                                  noarch                               2.04-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-srpm-macros                                           noarch                               1-41.el9                                               ol9_appstream                                   9.1 k
 perl-threads                                               x86_64                               1:2.25-460.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    65 k
 perl-threads-shared                                        x86_64                               1.61-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    50 k
 perl-utils                                                 noarch                               5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    64 k
 perl-version                                               x86_64                               7:0.99.28-4.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                    74 k
 perl-vmsish                                                noarch                               1.04-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 pyproject-srpm-macros                                      noarch                               1.16.2-1.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 python-srpm-macros                                         noarch                               3.9-54.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 qt5-srpm-macros                                            noarch                               5.15.9-1.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   7.7 k
 redhat-rpm-config                                          noarch                               210-1.0.1.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                   101 k
 rust-srpm-macros                                           noarch                               17-4.el9                                               ol9_appstream                                    10 k
 sombok                                                     x86_64                               2.4.0-16.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    55 k
 systemtap-sdt-devel                                        x86_64                               5.3-3.0.1.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    76 k
 systemtap-sdt-dtrace                                       x86_64                               5.3-3.0.1.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    75 k
Installing weak dependencies:
 perl-CPAN-DistnameInfo                                     noarch                               0.12-23.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-Encode-Locale                                         noarch                               1.05-21.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 perl-Term-Size-Any                                         noarch                               0.002-35.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    19 k
 perl-TermReadKey                                           x86_64                               2.38-11.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    42 k
 perl-Unicode-LineBreak                                     x86_64                               2019.001-11.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                   144 k

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
Install  187 Packages
Upgrade    4 Packages

Total download size: 38 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/191): annobin-12.92-1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                      2.9 MB/s | 1.1 MB     00:00
(2/191): fonts-srpm-macros-2.0.5-7.el9.1.noarch.rpm                                          849 kB/s |  32 kB     00:00
(3/191): efi-srpm-macros-6-4.0.1.el9.noarch.rpm                                               21 kB/s |  26 kB     00:01
(4/191): gcc-plugin-annobin-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                     535 kB/s |  38 kB     00:00
(5/191): ghc-srpm-macros-1.5.0-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                              149 kB/s | 8.7 kB     00:00
(6/191): go-srpm-macros-3.6.0-14.el9_7.noarch.rpm                                            332 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(7/191): gcc-c++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                9.7 MB/s |  13 MB     00:01
(8/191): libstdc++-devel-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                        9.0 MB/s | 3.1 MB     00:00
(9/191): lua-srpm-macros-1-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                  268 kB/s | 9.4 kB     00:00
(10/191): kernel-srpm-macros-1.0-14.0.1.el9.noarch.rpm                                        10 kB/s |  20 kB     00:01
(11/191): ocaml-srpm-macros-6-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                               4.7 kB/s | 8.7 kB     00:01
(12/191): perl-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                 316 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(13/191): perl-Algorithm-Diff-1.2010-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         229 kB/s |  58 kB     00:00
(14/191): perl-Archive-Tar-2.38-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              878 kB/s |  85 kB     00:00
(15/191): perl-Archive-Zip-1.68-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              2.3 MB/s | 144 kB     00:00
(16/191): perl-Attribute-Handlers-1.01-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                 277 kB/s |  26 kB     00:00
(17/191): perl-AutoSplit-5.74-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          219 kB/s |  20 kB     00:00
(18/191): openblas-srpm-macros-2-11.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            4.4 kB/s | 8.3 kB     00:01
(19/191): perl-CPAN-2.29-5.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                   3.2 MB/s | 630 kB     00:00
(20/191): perl-Benchmark-1.23-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           13 kB/s |  25 kB     00:01
(21/191): dwz-0.16-1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                            21 kB/s | 139 kB     00:06
(22/191): perl-CPAN-Meta-Requirements-2.140-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                370 kB/s |  38 kB     00:00
(23/191): perl-CPAN-Meta-YAML-0.018-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        326 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(24/191): perl-CPAN-Meta-2.150010-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          1.1 MB/s | 292 kB     00:00
(25/191): perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2-2.101-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                      448 kB/s |  40 kB     00:00
(26/191): perl-Compress-Bzip2-2.28-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                           512 kB/s |  78 kB     00:00
(27/191): perl-Compress-Raw-Lzma-2.101-3.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       1.2 MB/s |  57 kB     00:00
(28/191): perl-Config-Extensions-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  303 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(29/191): perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib-2.101-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       604 kB/s |  66 kB     00:00
(30/191): perl-Config-Perl-V-0.33-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            275 kB/s |  28 kB     00:00
(31/191): perl-DB_File-1.855-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 1.5 MB/s |  87 kB     00:00
(32/191): perl-DBM_Filter-0.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         374 kB/s |  43 kB     00:00
(33/191): perl-Data-Section-0.200007-14.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        714 kB/s |  30 kB     00:00
(34/191): perl-Devel-PPPort-3.62-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             3.1 MB/s | 220 kB     00:00
(35/191): perl-CPAN-DistnameInfo-0.12-23.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       8.0 kB/s |  15 kB     00:01
(36/191): perl-Devel-SelfStubber-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  336 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(37/191): perl-Devel-Size-0.83-10.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                              814 kB/s |  32 kB     00:00
(38/191): perl-Devel-Peek-1.28-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         349 kB/s |  30 kB     00:00
(39/191): perl-Digest-SHA1-2.13-34.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             1.3 MB/s |  60 kB     00:00
(40/191): perl-Digest-SHA-6.02-461.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             852 kB/s |  70 kB     00:00
(41/191): perl-DirHandle-1.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          269 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(42/191): perl-Dumpvalue-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          446 kB/s |  17 kB     00:00
(43/191): perl-Encode-Locale-1.05-21.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           500 kB/s |  20 kB     00:00
(44/191): perl-English-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            422 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(45/191): perl-Encode-devel-3.08-462.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                           783 kB/s |  51 kB     00:00
(46/191): perl-Env-1.04-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                    606 kB/s |  25 kB     00:00
(47/191): perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder-0.280236-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    1.5 MB/s |  69 kB     00:00
(48/191): perl-ExtUtils-Command-7.60-3.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         374 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(49/191): perl-ExtUtils-Constant-0.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  1.2 MB/s |  55 kB     00:00
(50/191): perl-ExtUtils-Embed-1.35-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                     433 kB/s |  16 kB     00:00
(51/191): perl-ExtUtils-Install-2.20-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         1.1 MB/s |  53 kB     00:00
(52/191): perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker-7.60-3.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       1.7 MB/s | 352 kB     00:00
(53/191): perl-ExtUtils-Manifest-1.73-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        1.0 MB/s |  40 kB     00:00
(54/191): perl-ExtUtils-Miniperl-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  373 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
(55/191): perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS-3.40-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       572 kB/s | 212 kB     00:00
(56/191): perl-File-Compare-1.100.600-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  139 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(57/191): perl-File-Copy-2.34-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          395 kB/s |  19 kB     00:00
(58/191): perl-File-DosGlob-1.12-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       151 kB/s |  18 kB     00:00
(59/191): perl-File-Fetch-1.00-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               730 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(60/191): perl-File-HomeDir-1.006-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            1.8 MB/s |  81 kB     00:00
(61/191): perl-Data-OptList-0.110-17.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            19 kB/s |  36 kB     00:01
(62/191): perl-FileCache-1.10-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          365 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(63/191): perl-Filter-1.60-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                   2.4 MB/s | 121 kB     00:00
(64/191): perl-Filter-Simple-0.96-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          200 kB/s |  28 kB     00:00
(65/191): perl-FindBin-1.51-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            111 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(66/191): perl-GDBM_File-1.18-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                          164 kB/s |  21 kB     00:00
(67/191): perl-ExtUtils-MM-Utils-7.60-3.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        6.9 kB/s |  13 kB     00:01
(68/191): perl-Hash-Util-0.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                          344 kB/s |  33 kB     00:00
(69/191): perl-I18N-Collate-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       287 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(70/191): perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash-1.20-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                275 kB/s |  36 kB     00:00
(71/191): perl-I18N-LangTags-0.44-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                      1.3 MB/s |  59 kB     00:00
(72/191): perl-I18N-Langinfo-0.19-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                      475 kB/s |  21 kB     00:00
(73/191): perl-IO-Compress-Lzma-2.101-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        2.0 MB/s | 101 kB     00:00
(74/191): perl-IO-Zlib-1.11-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                  487 kB/s |  20 kB     00:00
(75/191): perl-IPC-Cmd-1.04-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                895 kB/s |  40 kB     00:00
(76/191): perl-IO-Compress-2.102-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                             2.1 MB/s | 321 kB     00:00
(77/191): perl-IPC-SysV-2.09-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 625 kB/s |  55 kB     00:00
(78/191): perl-IPC-System-Simple-1.30-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        431 kB/s |  46 kB     00:00
(79/191): perl-Importer-0.026-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                475 kB/s |  45 kB     00:00
(80/191): perl-JSON-PP-4.06-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                  862 kB/s |  74 kB     00:00
(81/191): perl-Locale-Maketext-1.29-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        2.3 MB/s | 108 kB     00:00
(82/191): perl-Locale-Maketext-Simple-0.21-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                             237 kB/s |  16 kB     00:00
(83/191): perl-MRO-Compat-0.13-15.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              701 kB/s |  27 kB     00:00
(84/191): perl-MIME-Charset-1.012.2-15.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         679 kB/s |  60 kB     00:00
(85/191): perl-Math-BigRat-0.2614-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          743 kB/s |  46 kB     00:00
(86/191): perl-Math-BigInt-FastCalc-0.500.900-460.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                              418 kB/s |  35 kB     00:00
(87/191): perl-Memoize-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            2.0 MB/s |  72 kB     00:00
(88/191): perl-Module-CoreList-5.20240609-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    802 kB/s |  95 kB     00:00
(89/191): perl-Module-Build-0.42.31-9.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          1.8 MB/s | 305 kB     00:00
(90/191): perl-Module-Load-0.36-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              495 kB/s |  18 kB     00:00
(91/191): perl-Module-CoreList-tools-5.20240609-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                              182 kB/s |  16 kB     00:00
(92/191): perl-Module-Loaded-0.08-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                      305 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(93/191): perl-Module-Load-Conditional-0.74-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  229 kB/s |  23 kB     00:00
(94/191): perl-Module-Metadata-1.000037-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    461 kB/s |  42 kB     00:00
(95/191): perl-File-Which-1.23-10.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               12 kB/s |  22 kB     00:01
(96/191): perl-NEXT-0.67-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               473 kB/s |  19 kB     00:00
(97/191): perl-Net-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                796 kB/s |  33 kB     00:00
(98/191): perl-Module-Signature-0.88-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         706 kB/s |  95 kB     00:00
(99/191): perl-Object-HashBase-0.009-7.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         787 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(100/191): perl-Net-Ping-2.74-5.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                439 kB/s |  55 kB     00:00
(101/191): perl-ODBM_File-1.16-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         175 kB/s |  21 kB     00:00
(102/191): perl-Params-Check-0.38-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          535 kB/s |  23 kB     00:00
(103/191): perl-Opcode-1.48-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                            353 kB/s |  40 kB     00:00
(104/191): perl-Package-Generator-1.106-23.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                     253 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(105/191): perl-Perl-OSType-1.010-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          376 kB/s |  29 kB     00:00
(106/191): perl-Pod-Checker-1.74-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                             961 kB/s |  38 kB     00:00
(107/191): perl-PerlIO-via-QuotedPrint-0.09-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  332 kB/s |  29 kB     00:00
(108/191): perl-Pod-Html-1.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          633 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(109/191): perl-Pod-Functions-1.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                     148 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(110/191): perl-Search-Dict-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       307 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(111/191): perl-Safe-2.41-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              493 kB/s |  23 kB     00:00
(112/191): perl-SelfLoader-1.26-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        368 kB/s |  20 kB     00:00
(113/191): perl-Software-License-0.103014-12.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                   2.9 MB/s | 196 kB     00:00
(114/191): perl-Sub-Install-0.928-28.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           556 kB/s |  28 kB     00:00
(115/191): perl-Sys-Hostname-1.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                      499 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(116/191): perl-Sub-Exporter-0.987-27.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          975 kB/s | 103 kB     00:00
(117/191): perl-Term-Complete-1.403-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    308 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(118/191): perl-Sys-Syslog-0.36-461.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                            1.0 MB/s |  54 kB     00:00
(119/191): perl-Term-ReadLine-1.17-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                     465 kB/s |  17 kB     00:00
(120/191): perl-Term-Size-Perl-0.031-12.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        573 kB/s |  28 kB     00:00
(121/191): perl-Params-Util-1.102-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             22 kB/s |  41 kB     00:01
(122/191): perl-Term-Size-Any-0.002-35.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         9.7 kB/s |  19 kB     00:01
(123/191): perl-Test-1.31-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              702 kB/s |  27 kB     00:00
(124/191): perl-Term-Table-0.015-8.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              26 kB/s |  50 kB     00:01
(125/191): perl-Test-Harness-3.42-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          4.7 MB/s | 387 kB     00:00
(126/191): perl-Text-Abbrev-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       223 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(127/191): perl-Text-Balanced-2.04-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           548 kB/s |  53 kB     00:00
(128/191): perl-Test-Simple-1.302183-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         3.6 MB/s | 949 kB     00:00
(129/191): perl-Text-Diff-1.45-13.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              919 kB/s |  50 kB     00:00
(130/191): perl-Text-Template-1.59-5.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           1.0 MB/s |  66 kB     00:00
(131/191): perl-Text-Glob-0.11-15.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              167 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
(132/191): perl-Thread-3.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            185 kB/s |  16 kB     00:00
(133/191): perl-Thread-Semaphore-2.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  201 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
(134/191): perl-Tie-4.6-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                414 kB/s |  41 kB     00:00
(135/191): perl-Tie-File-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          903 kB/s |  42 kB     00:00
(136/191): perl-Tie-Memoize-1.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        133 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(137/191): perl-Tie-RefHash-1.40-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                             737 kB/s |  29 kB     00:00
(138/191): perl-Time-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              804 kB/s |  24 kB     00:00
(139/191): perl-Time-HiRes-1.9764-462.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                          1.9 MB/s |  64 kB     00:00
(140/191): perl-Time-Piece-1.3401-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                      796 kB/s |  45 kB     00:00
(141/191): perl-Unicode-Collate-1.29-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         6.8 MB/s | 849 kB     00:00
(142/191): perl-Unicode-LineBreak-2019.001-11.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                  1.5 MB/s | 144 kB     00:00
(143/191): perl-Unicode-Normalize-1.27-461.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                     683 kB/s |  96 kB     00:00
(144/191): perl-TermReadKey-2.38-11.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             22 kB/s |  42 kB     00:01
(145/191): perl-Unicode-UCD-0.75-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       1.2 MB/s |  77 kB     00:00
(146/191): perl-User-pwent-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        242 kB/s |  24 kB     00:00
(147/191): perl-autodie-2.34-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                 1.1 MB/s | 117 kB     00:00
(148/191): perl-bignum-0.51-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                1.1 MB/s |  56 kB     00:00
(149/191): perl-blib-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              262 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(150/191): perl-autouse-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            70 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(151/191): perl-deprecate-0.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         163 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(152/191): perl-devel-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                           6.2 MB/s | 748 kB     00:00
(153/191): perl-diagnostics-1.37-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       1.9 MB/s | 216 kB     00:00
(154/191): perl-Thread-Queue-3.14-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           14 kB/s |  28 kB     00:01
(155/191): perl-doc-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                             9.1 MB/s | 4.9 MB     00:00
(156/191): perl-encoding-3.00-462.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                              349 kB/s |  68 kB     00:00
(157/191): perl-encoding-warnings-0.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                 374 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(158/191): perl-experimental-0.022-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           667 kB/s |  27 kB     00:00
(159/191): perl-filetest-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          352 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(160/191): perl-inc-latest-0.500-20.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            768 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(161/191): perl-fields-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            162 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(162/191): perl-less-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              307 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(163/191): perl-lib-0.65-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               208 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(164/191): perl-libnetcfg-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       403 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(165/191): perl-macros-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          261 kB/s | 9.2 kB     00:00
(166/191): perl-local-lib-2.000024-13.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          839 kB/s |  76 kB     00:00
(167/191): perl-meta-notation-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                   102 kB/s | 8.2 kB     00:00
(168/191): perl-open-1.12-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              369 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(169/191): perl-ph-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                              745 kB/s |  67 kB     00:00
(170/191): perl-perlfaq-5.20210520-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           2.7 MB/s | 399 kB     00:00
(171/191): perl-sigtrap-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           299 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
(172/191): perl-srpm-macros-1-41.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               110 kB/s | 9.1 kB     00:00
(173/191): perl-sort-2.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               98 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(174/191): perl-threads-2.25-460.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               698 kB/s |  65 kB     00:00
(175/191): perl-threads-shared-1.61-460.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        589 kB/s |  50 kB     00:00
(176/191): perl-utils-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           1.4 MB/s |  64 kB     00:00
(177/191): perl-version-0.99.28-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                              1.6 MB/s |  74 kB     00:00
(178/191): pyproject-srpm-macros-1.16.2-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                      353 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(179/191): perl-vmsish-1.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            132 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(180/191): qt5-srpm-macros-5.15.9-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            208 kB/s | 7.7 kB     00:00
(181/191): redhat-rpm-config-210-1.0.1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         2.0 MB/s | 101 kB     00:00
(182/191): perl-debugger-1.56-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           75 kB/s | 139 kB     00:01
(183/191): sombok-2.4.0-16.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                     1.3 MB/s |  55 kB     00:00
(184/191): rust-srpm-macros-17-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               107 kB/s |  10 kB     00:00
(185/191): python-srpm-macros-3.9-54.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           8.2 kB/s |  16 kB     00:02
(186/191): libstdc++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             6.4 MB/s | 757 kB     00:00
(187/191): systemtap-sdt-devel-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        39 kB/s |  76 kB     00:01
(188/191): perl-Errno-1.30-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             366 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(189/191): perl-interpreter-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                     858 kB/s |  76 kB     00:00
(190/191): perl-libs-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                            8.5 MB/s | 2.7 MB     00:00
(191/191): systemtap-sdt-dtrace-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       22 kB/s |  75 kB     00:03
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Total                                                                                                                                                                         1.9 MB/s |  38 MB     00:20
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Transaction check succeeded.
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  Verifying        : perl-I18N-LangTags-0.44-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                        72/195
  Verifying        : perl-I18N-Langinfo-0.19-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                        73/195
  Verifying        : perl-IO-Compress-2.102-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                               74/195
  Verifying        : perl-IO-Compress-Lzma-2.101-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          75/195
  Verifying        : perl-IO-Zlib-1:1.11-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                  76/195
  Verifying        : perl-IPC-Cmd-2:1.04-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                77/195
  Verifying        : perl-IPC-SysV-2.09-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   78/195
  Verifying        : perl-IPC-System-Simple-1.30-6.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          79/195
  Verifying        : perl-Importer-0.026-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                  80/195
  Verifying        : perl-JSON-PP-1:4.06-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                  81/195
  Verifying        : perl-Locale-Maketext-1.29-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          82/195
  Verifying        : perl-Locale-Maketext-Simple-1:0.21-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                             83/195
  Verifying        : perl-MIME-Charset-1.012.2-15.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           84/195
  Verifying        : perl-MRO-Compat-0.13-15.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                85/195
  Verifying        : perl-Math-BigInt-FastCalc-0.500.900-460.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                86/195
  Verifying        : perl-Math-BigRat-0.2614-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            87/195
  Verifying        : perl-Memoize-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              88/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Build-2:0.42.31-9.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          89/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-CoreList-1:5.20240609-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                    90/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-CoreList-tools-1:5.20240609-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                              91/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Load-1:0.36-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                              92/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Load-Conditional-0.74-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                    93/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Loaded-1:0.08-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                      94/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Metadata-1.000037-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                      95/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Signature-0.88-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           96/195
  Verifying        : perl-NEXT-0.67-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                 97/195
  Verifying        : perl-Net-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                  98/195
  Verifying        : perl-Net-Ping-2.74-5.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                   99/195
  Verifying        : perl-ODBM_File-1.16-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                           100/195
  Verifying        : perl-Object-HashBase-0.009-7.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          101/195
  Verifying        : perl-Opcode-1.48-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                              102/195
  Verifying        : perl-Package-Generator-1.106-23.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                       103/195
  Verifying        : perl-Params-Check-1:0.38-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          104/195
  Verifying        : perl-Params-Util-1.102-5.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              105/195
  Verifying        : perl-Perl-OSType-1.010-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            106/195
  Verifying        : perl-PerlIO-via-QuotedPrint-0.09-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                    107/195
  Verifying        : perl-Pod-Checker-4:1.74-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             108/195
  Verifying        : perl-Pod-Functions-1.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                       109/195
  Verifying        : perl-Pod-Html-1.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            110/195
  Verifying        : perl-Safe-2.41-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                111/195
  Verifying        : perl-Search-Dict-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         112/195
  Verifying        : perl-SelfLoader-1.26-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                          113/195
  Verifying        : perl-Software-License-0.103014-12.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                     114/195
  Verifying        : perl-Sub-Exporter-0.987-27.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            115/195
  Verifying        : perl-Sub-Install-0.928-28.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             116/195
  Verifying        : perl-Sys-Hostname-1.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                        117/195
  Verifying        : perl-Sys-Syslog-0.36-461.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              118/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-Complete-1.403-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                      119/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-ReadLine-1.17-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                       120/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-Size-Any-0.002-35.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           121/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-Size-Perl-0.031-12.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          122/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-Table-0.015-8.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                               123/195
  Verifying        : perl-TermReadKey-2.38-11.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              124/195
  Verifying        : perl-Test-1.31-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                125/195
  Verifying        : perl-Test-Harness-1:3.42-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          126/195
  Verifying        : perl-Test-Simple-3:1.302183-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                         127/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Abbrev-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         128/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Balanced-2.04-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             129/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Diff-1.45-13.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                130/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Glob-0.11-15.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                131/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Template-1.59-5.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             132/195
  Verifying        : perl-Thread-3.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              133/195
  Verifying        : perl-Thread-Queue-3.14-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            134/195
  Verifying        : perl-Thread-Semaphore-2.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                    135/195
  Verifying        : perl-Tie-4.6-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                  136/195
  Verifying        : perl-Tie-File-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            137/195
  Verifying        : perl-Tie-Memoize-1.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                          138/195
  Verifying        : perl-Tie-RefHash-1.40-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                               139/195
  Verifying        : perl-Time-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                140/195
  Verifying        : perl-Time-HiRes-4:1.9764-462.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          141/195
  Verifying        : perl-Time-Piece-1.3401-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                        142/195
  Verifying        : perl-Unicode-Collate-1.29-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                           143/195
  Verifying        : perl-Unicode-LineBreak-2019.001-11.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                    144/195
  Verifying        : perl-Unicode-Normalize-1.27-461.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                       145/195
  Verifying        : perl-Unicode-UCD-0.75-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         146/195
  Verifying        : perl-User-pwent-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                          147/195
  Verifying        : perl-autodie-2.34-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                   148/195
  Verifying        : perl-autouse-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                             149/195
  Verifying        : perl-bignum-0.51-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                  150/195
  Verifying        : perl-blib-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                151/195
  Verifying        : perl-debugger-1.56-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            152/195
  Verifying        : perl-deprecate-0.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                           153/195
  Verifying        : perl-devel-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                           154/195
  Verifying        : perl-diagnostics-1.37-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         155/195
  Verifying        : perl-doc-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                               156/195
  Verifying        : perl-encoding-4:3.00-462.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              157/195
  Verifying        : perl-encoding-warnings-0.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                   158/195
  Verifying        : perl-experimental-0.022-6.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             159/195
  Verifying        : perl-fields-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              160/195
  Verifying        : perl-filetest-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            161/195
  Verifying        : perl-inc-latest-2:0.500-20.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            162/195
  Verifying        : perl-less-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                163/195
  Verifying        : perl-lib-0.65-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 164/195
  Verifying        : perl-libnetcfg-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                       165/195
  Verifying        : perl-local-lib-2.000024-13.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            166/195
  Verifying        : perl-macros-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                          167/195
  Verifying        : perl-meta-notation-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                     168/195
  Verifying        : perl-open-1.12-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                169/195
  Verifying        : perl-perlfaq-5.20210520-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             170/195
  Verifying        : perl-ph-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                171/195
  Verifying        : perl-sigtrap-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                             172/195
  Verifying        : perl-sort-2.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                173/195
  Verifying        : perl-srpm-macros-1-41.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                 174/195
  Verifying        : perl-threads-1:2.25-460.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               175/195
  Verifying        : perl-threads-shared-1.61-460.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          176/195
  Verifying        : perl-utils-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                             177/195
  Verifying        : perl-version-7:0.99.28-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              178/195
  Verifying        : perl-vmsish-1.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              179/195
  Verifying        : pyproject-srpm-macros-1.16.2-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                        180/195
  Verifying        : python-srpm-macros-3.9-54.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             181/195
  Verifying        : qt5-srpm-macros-5.15.9-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                              182/195
  Verifying        : redhat-rpm-config-210-1.0.1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           183/195
  Verifying        : rust-srpm-macros-17-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                 184/195
  Verifying        : sombok-2.4.0-16.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                       185/195
  Verifying        : systemtap-sdt-devel-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                         186/195
  Verifying        : systemtap-sdt-dtrace-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        187/195
  Verifying        : libstdc++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               188/195
  Verifying        : libstdc++-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                189/195
  Verifying        : perl-Errno-1.30-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                               190/195
  Verifying        : perl-Errno-1.30-481.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   191/195
  Verifying        : perl-interpreter-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                     192/195
  Verifying        : perl-interpreter-4:5.32.1-481.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                         193/195
  Verifying        : perl-libs-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                            194/195
  Verifying        : perl-libs-4:5.32.1-481.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                195/195

Upgraded:
  libstdc++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64              perl-Errno-1.30-481.1.el9_6.x86_64              perl-interpreter-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64              perl-libs-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
Installed:
  annobin-12.92-1.el9.x86_64                      dwz-0.16-1.el9.x86_64                               efi-srpm-macros-6-4.0.1.el9.noarch                     fonts-srpm-macros-1:2.0.5-7.el9.1.noarch
  gcc-c++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                gcc-plugin-annobin-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64         ghc-srpm-macros-1.5.0-6.el9.noarch                     go-srpm-macros-3.6.0-14.el9_7.noarch
  kernel-srpm-macros-1.0-14.0.1.el9.noarch        libstdc++-devel-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64            lua-srpm-macros-1-6.el9.noarch                         ocaml-srpm-macros-6-6.el9.noarch
  openblas-srpm-macros-2-11.el9.noarch            perl-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                    perl-Algorithm-Diff-1.2010-4.el9.noarch                perl-Archive-Tar-2.38-6.el9.noarch
  perl-Archive-Zip-1.68-6.el9.noarch              perl-Attribute-Handlers-1.01-481.1.el9_6.noarch     perl-AutoSplit-5.74-481.1.el9_6.noarch                 perl-Benchmark-1.23-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-CPAN-2.29-5.el9_6.noarch                   perl-CPAN-DistnameInfo-0.12-23.el9.noarch           perl-CPAN-Meta-2.150010-460.el9.noarch                 perl-CPAN-Meta-Requirements-2.140-461.el9.noarch
  perl-CPAN-Meta-YAML-0.018-461.el9.noarch        perl-Compress-Bzip2-2.28-5.el9.x86_64               perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2-2.101-5.el9.x86_64             perl-Compress-Raw-Lzma-2.101-3.el9.x86_64
  perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib-2.101-5.el9.x86_64       perl-Config-Extensions-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-Config-Perl-V-0.33-4.el9.noarch                   perl-DBM_Filter-0.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-DB_File-1.855-4.el9.x86_64                 perl-Data-OptList-0.110-17.el9.noarch               perl-Data-Section-0.200007-14.el9.noarch               perl-Devel-PPPort-3.62-4.el9.x86_64
  perl-Devel-Peek-1.28-481.1.el9_6.x86_64         perl-Devel-SelfStubber-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-Devel-Size-0.83-10.el9.x86_64                     perl-Digest-SHA-1:6.02-461.el9.x86_64
  perl-Digest-SHA1-2.13-34.el9.x86_64             perl-DirHandle-1.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch              perl-Dumpvalue-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch                 perl-Encode-Locale-1.05-21.el9.noarch
  perl-Encode-devel-4:3.08-462.el9.x86_64         perl-English-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch                perl-Env-1.04-460.el9.noarch                           perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder-1:0.280236-4.el9.noarch
  perl-ExtUtils-Command-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch       perl-ExtUtils-Constant-0.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-ExtUtils-Embed-1.35-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-ExtUtils-Install-2.20-4.el9.noarch
  perl-ExtUtils-MM-Utils-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch      perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch         perl-ExtUtils-Manifest-1:1.73-4.el9.noarch             perl-ExtUtils-Miniperl-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS-1:3.40-460.el9.noarch     perl-File-Compare-1.100.600-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-File-Copy-2.34-481.1.el9_6.noarch                 perl-File-DosGlob-1.12-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
  perl-File-Fetch-1.00-4.el9.noarch               perl-File-HomeDir-1.006-4.el9.noarch                perl-File-Which-1.23-10.el9.noarch                     perl-FileCache-1.10-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Filter-2:1.60-4.el9.x86_64                 perl-Filter-Simple-0.96-460.el9.noarch              perl-FindBin-1.51-481.1.el9_6.noarch                   perl-GDBM_File-1.18-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
  perl-Hash-Util-0.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64          perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash-1.20-481.1.el9_6.x86_64    perl-I18N-Collate-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch              perl-I18N-LangTags-0.44-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-I18N-Langinfo-0.19-481.1.el9_6.x86_64      perl-IO-Compress-2.102-4.el9.noarch                 perl-IO-Compress-Lzma-2.101-4.el9.noarch               perl-IO-Zlib-1:1.11-4.el9.noarch
  perl-IPC-Cmd-2:1.04-461.el9.noarch              perl-IPC-SysV-2.09-4.el9.x86_64                     perl-IPC-System-Simple-1.30-6.el9.noarch               perl-Importer-0.026-4.el9.noarch
  perl-JSON-PP-1:4.06-4.el9.noarch                perl-Locale-Maketext-1.29-461.el9.noarch            perl-Locale-Maketext-Simple-1:0.21-481.1.el9_6.noarch  perl-MIME-Charset-1.012.2-15.el9.noarch
  perl-MRO-Compat-0.13-15.el9.noarch              perl-Math-BigInt-FastCalc-0.500.900-460.el9.x86_64  perl-Math-BigRat-0.2614-460.el9.noarch                 perl-Memoize-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Module-Build-2:0.42.31-9.el9.noarch        perl-Module-CoreList-1:5.20240609-1.el9.noarch      perl-Module-CoreList-tools-1:5.20240609-1.el9.noarch   perl-Module-Load-1:0.36-4.el9.noarch
  perl-Module-Load-Conditional-0.74-4.el9.noarch  perl-Module-Loaded-1:0.08-481.1.el9_6.noarch        perl-Module-Metadata-1.000037-460.el9.noarch           perl-Module-Signature-0.88-1.el9.noarch
  perl-NEXT-0.67-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-Net-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch                    perl-Net-Ping-2.74-5.el9.noarch                        perl-ODBM_File-1.16-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
  perl-Object-HashBase-0.009-7.el9.noarch         perl-Opcode-1.48-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                 perl-Package-Generator-1.106-23.el9.noarch             perl-Params-Check-1:0.38-461.el9.noarch
  perl-Params-Util-1.102-5.el9.x86_64             perl-Perl-OSType-1.010-461.el9.noarch               perl-PerlIO-via-QuotedPrint-0.09-4.el9.noarch          perl-Pod-Checker-4:1.74-4.el9.noarch
  perl-Pod-Functions-1.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-Pod-Html-1.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-Safe-2.41-481.1.el9_6.noarch                      perl-Search-Dict-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-SelfLoader-1.26-481.1.el9_6.noarch         perl-Software-License-0.103014-12.el9.noarch        perl-Sub-Exporter-0.987-27.el9.noarch                  perl-Sub-Install-0.928-28.el9.noarch
  perl-Sys-Hostname-1.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64       perl-Sys-Syslog-0.36-461.el9.x86_64                 perl-Term-Complete-1.403-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-Term-ReadLine-1.17-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Term-Size-Any-0.002-35.el9.noarch          perl-Term-Size-Perl-0.031-12.el9.x86_64             perl-Term-Table-0.015-8.el9.noarch                     perl-TermReadKey-2.38-11.el9.x86_64
  perl-Test-1.31-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-Test-Harness-1:3.42-461.el9.noarch             perl-Test-Simple-3:1.302183-4.el9.noarch               perl-Text-Abbrev-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Text-Balanced-2.04-4.el9.noarch            perl-Text-Diff-1.45-13.el9.noarch                   perl-Text-Glob-0.11-15.el9.noarch                      perl-Text-Template-1.59-5.el9.noarch
  perl-Thread-3.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch             perl-Thread-Queue-3.14-460.el9.noarch               perl-Thread-Semaphore-2.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch          perl-Tie-4.6-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Tie-File-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch           perl-Tie-Memoize-1.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch             perl-Tie-RefHash-1.40-4.el9.noarch                     perl-Time-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Time-HiRes-4:1.9764-462.el9.x86_64         perl-Time-Piece-1.3401-481.1.el9_6.x86_64           perl-Unicode-Collate-1.29-4.el9.x86_64                 perl-Unicode-LineBreak-2019.001-11.el9.x86_64
  perl-Unicode-Normalize-1.27-461.el9.x86_64      perl-Unicode-UCD-0.75-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-User-pwent-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                perl-autodie-2.34-4.el9.noarch
  perl-autouse-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-bignum-0.51-460.el9.noarch                     perl-blib-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch                      perl-debugger-1.56-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-deprecate-0.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch          perl-devel-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64              perl-diagnostics-1.37-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-doc-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-encoding-4:3.00-462.el9.x86_64             perl-encoding-warnings-0.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-experimental-0.022-6.el9.noarch                   perl-fields-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-filetest-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch           perl-inc-latest-2:0.500-20.el9.noarch               perl-less-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                      perl-lib-0.65-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
  perl-libnetcfg-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-local-lib-2.000024-13.el9.noarch               perl-macros-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                perl-meta-notation-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-open-1.12-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-perlfaq-5.20210520-1.el9.noarch                perl-ph-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                      perl-sigtrap-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-sort-2.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-srpm-macros-1-41.el9.noarch                    perl-threads-1:2.25-460.el9.x86_64                     perl-threads-shared-1.61-460.el9.x86_64
  perl-utils-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-version-7:0.99.28-4.el9.x86_64                 perl-vmsish-1.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch                    pyproject-srpm-macros-1.16.2-1.el9.noarch
  python-srpm-macros-3.9-54.el9.noarch            qt5-srpm-macros-5.15.9-1.el9.noarch                 redhat-rpm-config-210-1.0.1.el9.noarch                 rust-srpm-macros-17-4.el9.noarch
  sombok-2.4.0-16.el9.x86_64                      systemtap-sdt-devel-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64            systemtap-sdt-dtrace-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64

Complete!
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# make clean   <--- Cleanup due to error out
make -C doc clean
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/doc'
make -C src clean
..
..
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'clean'.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
rm -rf tmp_install/ portlock/
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

# Rerun make command
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# make
make -C ./src/backend generated-headers
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/backend'
make -C ../include/catalog generated-headers
make[2]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/include/catalog'
..
..
port -L../../../src/common   -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib',--enable-new-dtags  -lpgcommon -lpgport -lz -lreadline -lm  -o pg_isolation_regress
make[2]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/test/isolation'
make -C test/perl all
make[2]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/test/perl'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/test/perl'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src'
make -C config all
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

8. Install PostgreSQL

# Bin directory /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/ will get created by make install command. 

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# make install
make -C ./src/backend generated-headers
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/backend'
make -C ../include/catalog generated-headers
..
..
make -C config install
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/pgxs/config'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 ./install-sh '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/pgxs/config/install-sh'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 ./missing '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/pgxs/config/missing'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# cd /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/
[root@pgdb01 17.4]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Apr 21 21:06 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Apr 21 21:06 include
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Apr 21 21:06 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Apr 21 21:06 share
[root@pgdb01 17.4]#

9. Install PostgreSQL Contrib for extensions

#Install Contrib

cd /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4
make -C contrib install

--- OR ----

cd /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib
make
make install

[root@pgdb01 ~]# cd /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib
[root@pgdb01 contrib]# make
..
..
make -C vacuumlo all
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/vacuumlo'
gcc -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror=vla -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wcast-function-type -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -O2 -I../../src/interfaces/libpq -I. -I. -I../../src/include  -D_GNU_SOURCE   -c -o vacuumlo.o vacuumlo.c
gcc -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror=vla -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wcast-function-type -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -O2  vacuumlo.o -L../../src/interfaces/libpq -lpq -L../../src/port -L../../src/common   -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib',--enable-new-dtags   -lpgcommon -lpgport -lz -lreadline -lm  -o vacuumlo
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/vacuumlo'
[root@pgdb01 contrib]#

[root@pgdb01 contrib]# make install
..
..
make -C unaccent install
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/unaccent'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/tsearch_data'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755  unaccent.so '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/unaccent.so'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent.control '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension/'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent--1.1.sql ./unaccent--1.0--1.1.sql  '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension/'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent.rules '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/tsearch_data/'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/unaccent'
make -C vacuumlo install
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/vacuumlo'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin'
/usr/bin/install -c  vacuumlo '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/vacuumlo'
[root@pgdb01 contrib]#

[root@pgdb01 contrib]# ls /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension
amcheck--1.0--1.1.sql     citext.control               hstore--1.5--1.6.sql       pageinspect--1.10--1.11.sql    pgrowlocks.control                  pg_visibility--1.0--1.1.sql
amcheck--1.0.sql          cube--1.0--1.1.sql           hstore--1.6--1.7.sql       pageinspect--1.11--1.12.sql    pg_stat_statements--1.0--1.1.sql    pg_visibility--1.1--1.2.sql
amcheck--1.1--1.2.sql     cube--1.1--1.2.sql           hstore--1.7--1.8.sql       pageinspect--1.1--1.2.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.10--1.11.sql  pg_visibility--1.1.sql
amcheck--1.2--1.3.sql     cube--1.2--1.3.sql           hstore.control             pageinspect--1.2--1.3.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.1--1.2.sql    pg_visibility.control
amcheck--1.3--1.4.sql     cube--1.2.sql                insert_username--1.0.sql   pageinspect--1.3--1.4.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.2--1.3.sql    pg_walinspect--1.0--1.1.sql
amcheck.control           cube--1.3--1.4.sql           insert_username.control    pageinspect--1.4--1.5.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.3--1.4.sql    pg_walinspect--1.0.sql
autoinc--1.0.sql          cube--1.4--1.5.sql           intagg--1.0--1.1.sql       pageinspect--1.5--1.6.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.4--1.5.sql    pg_walinspect.control
autoinc.control           cube.control                 intagg--1.1.sql            pageinspect--1.5.sql           pg_stat_statements--1.4.sql         plpgsql--1.0.sql
bloom--1.0.sql            dblink--1.0--1.1.sql         intagg.control             pageinspect--1.6--1.7.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.5--1.6.sql    plpgsql.control
bloom.control             dblink--1.1--1.2.sql         intarray--1.0--1.1.sql     pageinspect--1.7--1.8.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.6--1.7.sql    postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
btree_gin--1.0--1.1.sql   dblink--1.2.sql              intarray--1.1--1.2.sql     pageinspect--1.8--1.9.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.7--1.8.sql    postgres_fdw--1.0.sql
btree_gin--1.0.sql        dblink.control               intarray--1.2--1.3.sql     pageinspect--1.9--1.10.sql     pg_stat_statements--1.8--1.9.sql    postgres_fdw.control
btree_gin--1.1--1.2.sql   dict_int--1.0.sql            intarray--1.2.sql          pageinspect.control            pg_stat_statements--1.9--1.10.sql   refint--1.0.sql
btree_gin--1.2--1.3.sql   dict_int.control             intarray--1.3--1.4.sql     pg_buffercache--1.0--1.1.sql   pg_stat_statements.control          refint.control
btree_gin.control         dict_xsyn--1.0.sql           intarray--1.4--1.5.sql     pg_buffercache--1.1--1.2.sql   pgstattuple--1.0--1.1.sql           seg--1.0--1.1.sql
btree_gist--1.0--1.1.sql  dict_xsyn.control            intarray.control           pg_buffercache--1.2--1.3.sql   pgstattuple--1.1--1.2.sql           seg--1.1--1.2.sql
btree_gist--1.1--1.2.sql  earthdistance--1.0--1.1.sql  isn--1.0--1.1.sql          pg_buffercache--1.2.sql        pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql           seg--1.1.sql
btree_gist--1.2--1.3.sql  earthdistance--1.1--1.2.sql  isn--1.1--1.2.sql          pg_buffercache--1.3--1.4.sql   pgstattuple--1.3--1.4.sql           seg--1.2--1.3.sql
btree_gist--1.2.sql       earthdistance--1.1.sql       isn--1.1.sql               pg_buffercache--1.4--1.5.sql   pgstattuple--1.4--1.5.sql           seg--1.3--1.4.sql
btree_gist--1.3--1.4.sql  earthdistance.control        isn.control                pg_buffercache.control         pgstattuple--1.4.sql                seg.control
btree_gist--1.4--1.5.sql  file_fdw--1.0.sql            lo--1.0--1.1.sql           pg_freespacemap--1.0--1.1.sql  pgstattuple.control                 tablefunc--1.0.sql
btree_gist--1.5--1.6.sql  file_fdw.control             lo--1.1.sql                pg_freespacemap--1.1--1.2.sql  pg_surgery--1.0.sql                 tablefunc.control
btree_gist--1.6--1.7.sql  fuzzystrmatch--1.0--1.1.sql  lo.control                 pg_freespacemap--1.1.sql       pg_surgery.control                  tcn--1.0.sql
btree_gist.control        fuzzystrmatch--1.1--1.2.sql  ltree--1.0--1.1.sql        pg_freespacemap.control        pg_trgm--1.0--1.1.sql               tcn.control
citext--1.0--1.1.sql      fuzzystrmatch--1.1.sql       ltree--1.1--1.2.sql        pg_prewarm--1.0--1.1.sql       pg_trgm--1.1--1.2.sql               tsm_system_rows--1.0.sql
citext--1.1--1.2.sql      fuzzystrmatch.control        ltree--1.1.sql             pg_prewarm--1.1--1.2.sql       pg_trgm--1.2--1.3.sql               tsm_system_rows.control
citext--1.2--1.3.sql      hstore--1.1--1.2.sql         ltree--1.2--1.3.sql        pg_prewarm--1.1.sql            pg_trgm--1.3--1.4.sql               tsm_system_time--1.0.sql
citext--1.3--1.4.sql      hstore--1.2--1.3.sql         ltree.control              pg_prewarm.control             pg_trgm--1.3.sql                    tsm_system_time.control
citext--1.4--1.5.sql      hstore--1.3--1.4.sql         moddatetime--1.0.sql       pgrowlocks--1.0--1.1.sql       pg_trgm--1.4--1.5.sql               unaccent--1.0--1.1.sql
citext--1.4.sql           hstore--1.4--1.5.sql         moddatetime.control        pgrowlocks--1.1--1.2.sql       pg_trgm--1.5--1.6.sql               unaccent--1.1.sql
citext--1.5--1.6.sql      hstore--1.4.sql              pageinspect--1.0--1.1.sql  pgrowlocks--1.2.sql            pg_trgm.control                     unaccent.control
[root@pgdb01 contrib]# 

[root@pgdb01 contrib]# cd
[root@pgdb01 ~]# chown -R postgres:postgres /pgbin /pgData /pgWal /pgArch /pg_Backup
[root@pgdb01 ~]# chmod 700 /pgbin /pgData /pgWal /pgArch /pg_Backup
[root@pgdb01 ~]#

10. Set Environment Variables (As Postgres user)

# Switch to postgres user:

[root@pgdb01 17.4]# su - postgres
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

# Add below lines to .bash_profile and reload profile

export PGHOME=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4
export PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH
export PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ . .bash_profile
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ which psql
/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/psql
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

11. Validation 1 (As Postgres user)

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_config
BINDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin
DOCDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/doc
HTMLDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/doc
INCLUDEDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/include
PKGINCLUDEDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/include
INCLUDEDIR-SERVER = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/include/server
LIBDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib
PKGLIBDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib
LOCALEDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/locale
MANDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/man
SHAREDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share
SYSCONFDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/etc
PGXS = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/pgxs/src/makefiles/pgxs.mk
CONFIGURE =  '--prefix=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4' '--with-pgport=5432'
CC = gcc
CPPFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE
CFLAGS = -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror=vla -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wcast-function-type -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -O2
CFLAGS_SL = -fPIC
LDFLAGS = -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib',--enable-new-dtags
LDFLAGS_EX =
LDFLAGS_SL =
LIBS = -lpgcommon -lpgport -lz -lreadline -lm
VERSION = PostgreSQL 17.4
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

12. Initialize Database (As Postgres user)

# Read more about initdb
https://www.br8dba.com/initdb-postgresql-cluster-initialization/

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ mkdir -p /pgData/pgsql/17.4 /pgWal/pgsql/17.4
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/initdb --pgdata=/pgData/pgsql/17.4 --waldir=/pgWal/pgsql/17.4 --wal-segsize=128
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_SG.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /pgData/pgsql/17.4 ... ok
fixing permissions on existing directory /pgWal/pgsql/17.4 ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default "max_connections" ... 100
selecting default "shared_buffers" ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Asia/Singapore
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok

initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
initdb: hint: You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or --auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4 -l logfile start

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

13. Start Postgres Instance(As Postgres user)

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4 -l logfile start
waiting for server to start.... done
server started
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

14. Validation (As Postgres user)

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
root       62627    3156  0 21:40 pts/0    00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres   62628   62627  0 21:40 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash
postgres 62707 1 0 21:50 ? 00:00:00 /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4
postgres   62708   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: checkpointer
postgres   62709   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: background writer
postgres   62711   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: walwriter
postgres   62712   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: autovacuum launcher
postgres   62713   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: logical replication launcher
postgres   62715   62628 99 21:52 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres   62716   62628  0 21:52 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ psql -c "SELECT VERSION();"
                                                    version
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 17.4 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (GCC) 11.5.0 20240719 (Red Hat 11.5.0-11.0.2), 64-bit
(1 row)

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.4)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \l
                                                     List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges
-----------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+--------+-----------+-----------------------
 postgres | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |
 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(3 rows)

postgres=# \du
                             List of roles
 Role name |                         Attributes
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------
 postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS

postgres=#
postgres=# \q
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

15. Create systemctl service for PostgreSQL (as root user) - Optional

# As root user

cat > /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service <<'EOF'
[Unit]
Description=PostgreSQL 17 Database Server
Documentation=https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=forking

User=postgres
Group=postgres

# PostgreSQL Data Directory
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4

# Start PostgreSQL
ExecStart=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl start -D ${PGDATA} -l ${PGDATA}/logfile

# Stop PostgreSQL
ExecStop=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl stop -D ${PGDATA} -m fast

# Reload PostgreSQL
ExecReload=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl reload -D ${PGDATA}

Restart=always
RestartSec=5

TimeoutSec=300

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

# Stop PostgreSQL as Postgres user using pg_ctl if running
# As postgres user
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ pg_ctl stop
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

# As root user 
# Enable PostgreSQL service at boot
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl enable postgresql-17
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postgresql-17.service → /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

# As root user
# Start PostgreSQL service
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

# As root user
# Verify Status
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 Database Server
     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sat 2026-06-20 16:08:44 +08; 16s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/
    Process: 3302 ExecStart=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl start -D ${PGDATA} -l ${PGDATA}/logfile (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 3305 (postgres)
      Tasks: 6 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 21.4M
        CPU: 77ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─3305 /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4
             ├─3306 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─3307 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─3310 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─3311 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─3312 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Jun 20 16:08:43 pgdb02 systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 Database Server...
Jun 20 16:08:44 pgdb02 pg_ctl[3302]: waiting for server to start.... done
Jun 20 16:08:44 pgdb02 pg_ctl[3302]: server started
Jun 20 16:08:44 pgdb02 systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 Database Server.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

PostgreSQL

Uncategorizedadvanced PostgreSQL, asynchronous replication PostgreSQL, autovacuum tuning, backup all databases postgresql linux, build postgresql from source, change PGDATA, change pgdata postgresql linux, change postgresql wal directory, change wal directory postgresql rhel, compile PostgreSQL, configure streaming replication postgresql, convert async to sync replication postgresql, copy postgresql database to new host, create database PostgreSQL, create tablespace postgresql, create user postgresql, database administration, database performance tuning, DBA Training, disable archive mode postgresql, disable wal archiving postgresql, enable archivelog postgresql, how to create database in postgresql linux, how to install postgresql on rhel, how to use pg_basebackup, how to use pg_dump, install postgresql from source code linux, install PostgreSQL Linux, install postgresql linux rpm, Linux PostgreSQL DBA, logical replication PostgreSQL, manage users postgresql linux, manual failover 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replication PostgreSQL, synchronous replication postgresql setup, systemctl postgresql start stop, vacuum analyze PostgreSQL, WAL archiving, WAL archiving PostgreSQL, wal files oracle dba postgresql, what is wal in postgresql, write-ahead logging

PostgreSQL DBA Step by Step Learning

#	PostgreSQL DBA Topics
1	How to Install PostgreSQL ON Linux?
2	How to Install PostgreSQL on Linux 7 using source code?
3	How to START/STOP PostgreSQL ON Linux?
4	How to Create Database in PostgreSQL?
5	PostgreSQL User Management
6	PostgreSQL pg_hba.conf Guide
7	PostgreSQL Change Data Directory
8	Understanding WAL Files in PostgreSQL – For Oracle DBAs
9	Change PostgreSQL WAL Directory Path (pg_wal)
10	Enable Archive Mode in PostgreSQL 17
11	How to Disable ARCHIVELOG Mode
12	PostgreSQL Tablespace Management
13	PostgreSQL pg_dump and pg_restore Guide
14	PostgreSQL Backup and Restore Using pg_dumpall and psql
15	pg_basebackup – Backup, Restore, and Recovery
16	Backup & Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster to Another Host (No Archive Mode)
17	Backup & Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster on Same Host
18	Restore PostgreSQL to New Host using pg_basebackup + WAL Archives
19	PostgreSQL PITR – Point in Time Recovery
20	Configure Streaming Replication in PostgreSQL
21	Manual Failover in PostgreSQL Streaming Replication
22	Convert Asynchronous Replication to Synchronous Replication

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

PostgreSQL Versions & Features

Uncategorizeddata management, database features, database management system, database performance, DBMS concepts, Open Source Database, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL 10, PostgreSQL 11, PostgreSQL 12, PostgreSQL 13, PostgreSQL 14, PostgreSQL 15, PostgreSQL 16, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL 18, PostgreSQL 9.6, PostgreSQL comparison, PostgreSQL features, PostgreSQL release history, PostgreSQL table, PostgreSQL Tutorial, PostgreSQL Upgrade, PostgreSQL versions, relational database, SQL database, SQL features

PostgreSQL Versions & Key Features (as of April 2026)

Version	Initial Release	Latest Minor	End of Support	Key New Features
18	Sep 25, 2025	18.3 (Feb 2026)	Nov 2030	Asynchronous I/O (AIO) subsystem pg_upgrade preserves statistics B-tree Skip Scan UUIDv7 support Virtual generated columns OAuth 2.0 authentication JSON_TABLE support Better logical replication (DDL)
17	Sep 26, 2024	17.9	Nov 2029	Enhanced logical replication Improved vacuum performance Better monitoring Incremental backup improvements
16	Sep 14, 2023	16.13	Nov 2028	Logical replication from standbys Parallel VACUUM improvements Improved query planner
15	Oct 13, 2022	15.17	Nov 2027	MERGE command Compression (lz4, zstd) Row-level security enhancements
14	Sep 30, 2021	14.22	Nov 2026	Schema-level privileges Parallel query enhancements JSON improvements
13	Sep 24, 2020	13.23	Nov 2025	Parallel vacuum Incremental sorting Logical replication enhancements

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Clone PostgreSQL Cluster from One Host to Another Using pg_basebackup (No Archive Mode)

How To Backup and Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster from One Host to Another Using pg_basebackup (No Archive Mode)

1. Goal
2. Environment (Source / Target)
3. Verify Existing Setup
4. Verify postgresql.conf
5. Verify pg_hba.conf
6. Verify Users
7. Directory Permissions
8. Take Backup
9. Verify Backup
10. Transfer Backup to Target
11. Prepare Target & Restore

11.1 Backup Target (Optional)
11.2 Stop PostgreSQL and Clean Directories
11.3 Restore Data and WAL
11.4 Set Permissions
11.5 Verify Restored Files
11.6 Create Symbolic Link for WAL

12. Start PostgreSQL on Target
13. Final Verification

In PostgreSQL, a cluster is a group of databases managed by one PostgreSQL server. This is just a standalone server, not like an Oracle RAC cluster.

1. Goal

1. Perform a consistent backup using pg_basebackup from lxicbpgdsgv01.
2. Restore the backup on lxicbpgdsgv02 without applying archived WALs.

2. Environment (Source / Target)

Aspect	Source	Target	Difference
Hostname	lxicbpgdsgv01	lxicbpgdsgv02	Different hostnames
IP Address	192.168.2.51	192.168.2.52	Different IPs
OS	RHEL 9	RHEL 9	Same
DB Version	PostgreSQL v17.6	PostgreSQL v17.6	Same
Archive mode	No Archivelog	No Archivelog	Same
PGDATA	/pgData/pgsql17/data	/pgdata/pgsql17/data	Different path case (D vs d)
WAL Directory	/pgWal/pgsql17/wal	/pgwal/pgsql17/wal	Different path case (W vs w)
Tablespace	pg_default	pg_default	Same
Databases	DELL, ORCL	No Databases	Need to clone

3. Verify Existing Setup

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \l+
                                                                                       List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   |  Size   | Tablespace |                Description
-----------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+--------+-----------+-----------------------+---------+------------+--------------------------------------------
 dell      | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 7763 kB | pg_default |
 orcl      | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 7907 kB | pg_default |
 postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 492 MB  | pg_default | default administrative connection database
 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +| 7545 kB | pg_default | unmodifiable empty database
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            |
 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +| 7723 kB | pg_default | default template for new databases
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            |
(5 rows)

postgres=#

postgres=# \c dell
You are now connected to database "dell" as user "postgres".
dell=#

dell=# \db
       List of tablespaces
    Name    |  Owner   | Location
------------+----------+----------
 pg_default | postgres |
 pg_global  | postgres |
(2 rows)

dell=# 
dell=# \dn test
 List of schemas
 Name |  Owner
------+----------
 test | postgres
(1 row)

dell=#
dell=# \echo :AUTOCOMMIT
on
dell=#

dell=# CREATE TABLE test.emp ( name TEXT, designation TEXT, project TEXT, company TEXT);
CREATE TABLE
dell=# INSERT INTO test.emp VALUES ('Sugi', 'DBA', 'Jetstar', 'iGATE');
INSERT 0 1
dell=# INSERT INTO test.emp VALUES ('Teja', 'DBA', 'RCM', 'iGATE');
INSERT 0 1
dell=# INSERT INTO test.emp VALUES ('RAJ', 'DBA', 'RCM', 'iGATE');
INSERT 0 1
dell=#
dell=# select * from test.emp;
 name | designation | project | company
------+-------------+---------+---------
 Sugi | DBA         | Jetstar | iGATE
 Teja | DBA         | RCM     | iGATE
 RAJ  | DBA         | RCM     | iGATE
(3 rows)

dell=#

dell=# \c orcl
You are now connected to database "orcl" as user "postgres".
orcl=#
orcl=# \dt
            List of relations
 Schema |    Name     | Type  |  Owner
--------+-------------+-------+----------
 public | sample_data | table | postgres
(1 row)

orcl=#
orcl=# select count(*) from sample_data;
 count
-------
  1000  <----- 
(1 row)

orcl=#

4. Verify postgresql.conf


postgres=# SHOW wal_level;
 wal_level
-----------
 replica  <---- Should be replica
(1 row)

postgres=#
postgres=# SHOW max_wal_senders;
 max_wal_senders
-----------------
 10 <----- 
(1 row)

postgres=# SHOW archive_mode;
 archive_mode
--------------
 off  <----- No archive log mode
(1 row)

postgres=# show archive_command;
 archive_command
-----------------
 (disabled)
(1 row)

postgres=#

5. Verify pg_hba.conf

# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS             METHOD
# Local connections for replication (for pg_basebackup run locally)
local   replication     all                                 trust

# Remote connections for replication (for pg_basebackup run remotely)
#host    replication     repl_user       192.168.2.52/32     scram-sha-256

6. Verify user permissions:REPLICATION or SUPERUSER required

postgres=# \du
                             List of roles
 Role name |                         Attributes
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------
 postgres  | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS

postgres=#

7. Directory Permissions for Backup

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 Oct  9 18:46 /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

8. Take Backup

Want symlinks preserved → use (both -Fp & –waldir)-Fp --waldir=/pgWal/pgsql17/wal
Want single tar archive → use -Ft, but recreate symlinks after restore, for pg_wal
The –waldir option in pg_basebackup is supported only when using the plain format (-Fp), not with the tar format (-Ft).

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ nohup pg_basebackup -U postgres -D /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv01_10sep2025 -Ft -Xs -P > /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv01_10sep2025.log 2>&1 &
[1] 4438
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

**** I have forgot use -v (verbose option to get extra output)
nohup pg_basebackup -U postgres -D /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv01_10sep2025 -Ft -Xs -P -v > /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv01_10sep2025.log 2>&1 &

9. Verify Backup


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv01_10sep2025.log
nohup: ignoring input
waiting for checkpoint
133816/536026 kB (24%), 0/1 tablespace
299960/536026 kB (55%), 0/1 tablespace
447864/536026 kB (83%), 0/1 tablespace
536037/536037 kB (100%), 0/1 tablespace
536037/536037 kB (100%), 1/1 tablespace
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv01_10sep2025
total 540M
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 524M Oct  9 18:56 base.tar  
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 223K Oct  9 18:56 backup_manifest
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  17M Oct  9 18:56 pg_wal.tar 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

10. Transfer Backup to Target


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv01_10sep2025]$ scp * 192.168.2.52:/pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/
postgres@192.168.2.52's password:  
backup_manifest                   100%  222KB  30.7MB/s   00:00
base.tar                          100%  523MB  74.0MB/s   00:07
pg_wal.tar                        100%   16MB  43.5MB/s   00:00
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv01_10sep2025]$

11. Prepare Target & Restore

-- List Source Backup files 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup
total 540M
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 223K Oct  9 19:08 backup_manifest
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 524M Oct  9 19:08 base.tar
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  17M Oct  9 19:08 pg_wal.tar
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$

11.1 Backup Target (Optional)


nohup pg_basebackup -U postgres -D /pgbackup/pgsql17/pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv02_10sep2025 -Ft -Xs -P > /pgbackup/pgsql17/pg_basebackup_lxicbpgdsgv02_10sep2025.log 2>&1 &

-- Verify Tablespaces path -- It's pg_default in our case
-- Verify WAL File (Redo log files) location 

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgdata/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres 18 Oct  9 17:37 /pgdata/pgsql17/data/pg_wal -> /pgwal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$

11.2 Stop PostgreSQL and Clean Directories

-- Stop PostgreSQL DB Cluster
[root@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]# systemctl stop postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]# ps -ef | grep postgres
root       10259    7832  0 19:20 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[root@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]#

-- Remove all from Data directory 

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ rm -rf /pgdata/pgsql17/data/*
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgdata/pgsql17/data/
total 0
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$


-- Remove all from WAL directory 

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ rm -rf /pgwal/pgsql17/wal/*
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgwal/pgsql17/wal/
total 0
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$

11.3 Restore Data and WAL

-- List source backup files

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ cd /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 backup]$ ls -ltr
total 552652
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    227724 Oct  9 19:08 backup_manifest
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 548901888 Oct  9 19:08 base.tar
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16778752 Oct  9 19:08 pg_wal.tar
drwxr-xr-x. 3 postgres postgres        18 Oct  9 19:32 data_lxicbpgdsgv02_old
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 backup]$

# Restore DATA Directory 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ nohup tar -xvf /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/base.tar -C /pgdata/pgsql17/data > /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/base_restore.log 2>&1 &
[1] 11289
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$


# Restore WAL Directory 

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ nohup tar -xvf /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_wal.tar -C /pgwal/pgsql17/wal > /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_wal_restore.log 2>&1 &
[1] 11304
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$

-- OR -- 

# Restore base and WAL archives sequentially in a single command

nohup bash -c "tar -xvf /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/base.tar -C /pgdata/pgsql17/data && tar -xvf /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/pg_wal.tar -C /pgwal/pgsql17/wal" > /pgbackup/pgsql17/backup/fulltar_restore.log 2>&1 &

11.4 Set Permissions

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ chown -R postgres:postgres /pgdata/pgsql17/data
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ chmod 700 /pgdata/pgsql17/data
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ chown -R postgres:postgres /pgwal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ chmod 700 /pgwal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$

11.5 Verify Restored Files

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgdata/pgsql17/data
total 72
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    88 Sep 30 21:50 postgresql.auto.conf
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    18 Sep 30 21:50 pg_xact
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres     3 Sep 30 21:50 PG_VERSION
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_twophase
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_tblspc
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_subtrans
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_stat_tmp
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_snapshots
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_serial
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_notify
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    36 Sep 30 21:50 pg_multixact
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  2640 Sep 30 21:50 pg_ident.conf
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_dynshmem
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Sep 30 21:50 pg_commit_ts
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 30702 Oct  7 18:20 postgresql.conf.bkp
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    84 Oct  9 00:01 log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  1169 Oct  9 16:31 postgresql.conf.bkp_10sep2025
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  1171 Oct  9 16:32 postgresql.conf
drwx------. 7 postgres postgres    59 Oct  9 18:08 base
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Oct  9 18:44 pg_stat
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    30 Oct  9 18:44 current_logfiles
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  5600 Oct  9 18:53 pg_hba.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres     0 Oct  9 18:56 tablespace_map
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Oct  9 18:56 pg_replslot
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    68 Oct  9 18:56 pg_logical
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres   227 Oct  9 18:56 backup_label
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    45 Oct  9 20:06 pg_wal <--- Created as Directory, instead of symbolic link 
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres  4096 Oct  9 20:06 global
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgwal/pgsql17/wal
total 16384
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16777216 Oct  9 18:56 000000010000000000000045
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$

Please note:

--- Want symlinks preserved → use -Fp
--- Want single tar archive → use -Ft, but recreate symlinks after restore, for pg_wal

11.6 Create Symbolic Link for WAL

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ls -ld /pgdata/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres 45 Oct  9 20:06 /pgdata/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ rm -rf /pgdata/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ln -s /pgwal/pgsql17/wal /pgdata/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ ls -ld /pgdata/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres 18 Oct  9 21:04 /pgdata/pgsql17/data/pg_wal -> /pgwal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ cd /pgwal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 wal]$ ll
total 16384
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16777216 Oct  9 18:56 000000010000000000000045
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 wal]$

12. Start PostgreSQL on Target — no recovery needed.

[root@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17.service
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Thu 2025-10-09 21:06:08 +08; 5s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 12375 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 12380 (postgres)
      Tasks: 7 (limit: 20496)
     Memory: 33.6M
        CPU: 114ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─12380 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgdata/pgsql17/data
             ├─12381 "postgres: logger "
             ├─12382 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─12383 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─12385 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─12386 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─12387 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 09 21:06:06 lxicbpgdsgv02.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 09 21:06:06 lxicbpgdsgv02.rajasekhar.com postgres[12380]: 2025-10-09 21:06:06.781 +08 [12380] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 09 21:06:06 lxicbpgdsgv02.rajasekhar.com postgres[12380]: 2025-10-09 21:06:06.781 +08 [12380] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 09 21:06:08 lxicbpgdsgv02.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]#

13. Final Verification

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv02 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \l+
                                                                                       List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   |  Size   | Tablespace |                Description
-----------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+--------+-----------+-----------------------+---------+------------+--------------------------------------------
 dell      | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 7609 kB | pg_default |
 orcl      | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 7753 kB | pg_default |
 postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 492 MB  | pg_default | default administrative connection database
 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +| 7545 kB | pg_default | unmodifiable empty database
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            |
 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +| 7569 kB | pg_default | default template for new databases
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            |
(5 rows)

postgres=# \db
       List of tablespaces
    Name    |  Owner   | Location
------------+----------+----------
 pg_default | postgres |
 pg_global  | postgres |
(2 rows)

postgres=#
postgres=# \c dell
You are now connected to database "dell" as user "postgres".
dell=# \dt test.*
        List of relations
 Schema | Name | Type  |  Owner
--------+------+-------+----------
 test   | emp  | table | postgres
(1 row)

dell=#

dell=# select * from test.emp;  <---- We can see Data 
 name | designation | project | company
------+-------------+---------+---------
 Sugi | DBA         | Jetstar | iGATE
 Teja | DBA         | RCM     | iGATE
 RAJ  | DBA         | RCM     | iGATE
(3 rows)

dell=#
dell=# \c orcl
You are now connected to database "orcl" as user "postgres".
orcl=# \dt
            List of relations
 Schema |    Name     | Type  |  Owner
--------+-------------+-------+----------
 public | sample_data | table | postgres
(1 row)

orcl=#
orcl=# select count(*) from sample_data;
 count
-------
  1000 <----
(1 row)

orcl=#

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Change PostgreSQL WAL Directory Path (pg_wal)

PostgreSQLchange WAL location, data directory, database optimization, Linux PostgreSQL, move WAL directory, pg_wal, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL administration, PostgreSQL archive, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL File System, PostgreSQL Performance, PostgreSQL sysadmin, PostgreSQL Tips, WAL, write ahead log

0. Aim
1. Verify Existing pg_wal Directory
2. Create the New Directory
3. Stop PostgreSQL Service
4. Copy WAL Files to New Location
5. Backup Old WAL Directory
6. Create Symlink
7. Fix Permissions
8. Start PostgreSQL Service
9. Verify WAL Functionality
10. Remove Old WAL Directory (Optional)

0. Aim

To change the PostgreSQL 17 WAL File directory from its default location to new mount point

From : /var/lib/pgsql/17/data

TO : /pgData/pgsql17/data

1. Verify Existing pg_wal directory


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# SELECT current_setting('data_directory') || '/pg_wal' AS wal_directory;
        wal_directory
-----------------------------
 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal  <----- 
(1 row)

postgres=# exit
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
total 48M
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres   6 Sep 30 21:50 summaries
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 04:24 000000010000000000000008
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000006
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000007
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres  43 Oct  8 16:08 archive_status
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ du -sh /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
48M     /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

2. Create the New Directory on a new disk

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# mkdir -p /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chown postgres:postgres /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chmod 700 /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

3. Stop PostgreSQL Service

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl stop postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ps -ef | grep postgres
root        6887    6721  0 16:08 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

4. Copy Existing WAL Files to New Location

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ nohup rsync -avh --progress /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal/ /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/ > rsync_pgwal.log 2>&1 &
[1] 6943
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[1]+  Done                    nohup rsync -avh --progress /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal/ /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/ > rsync_pgwal.log 2>&1
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat rsync_pgwal.log
nohup: ignoring input
sending incremental file list
./
000000010000000000000006
         16.78M 100%   81.89MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#1, to-chk=5/7)
000000010000000000000007
         16.78M 100%   43.84MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#2, to-chk=4/7)
000000010000000000000008
         16.78M 100%   31.07MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#3, to-chk=3/7)
archive_status/
archive_status/000000010000000000000006.done
              0 100%    0.00kB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#4, to-chk=0/7)
summaries/

sent 50.34M bytes  received 107 bytes  33.56M bytes/sec
total size is 50.33M  speedup is 1.00
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
total 48M
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres   6 Sep 30 21:50 summaries
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 04:24 000000010000000000000008
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000006
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000007
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres  43 Oct  8 16:08 archive_status
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ du -sh /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
48M     /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

5. Move old directory as backup

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ mv /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
ls: cannot access '/pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal': No such file or directory
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres 141 Oct  8 16:08 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

6. Create symlink

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ln -s /pgWal/pgsql17/wal /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres 18 Oct  8 16:16 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal -> /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

7. Fix permissions (if required)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ chown -R postgres:postgres /pgWal/pgsql17/wal

8. Start PostgreSQL Service

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17.service
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Wed 2025-10-08 16:20:46 +08; 7s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 7079 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 7084 (postgres)
      Tasks: 8 (limit: 15835)
     Memory: 18.1M
        CPU: 94ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─7084 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─7086 "postgres: logger "
             ├─7087 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─7088 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─7090 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─7091 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             ├─7092 "postgres: archiver "
             └─7093 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 08 16:20:46 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 08 16:20:46 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[7084]: 2025-10-08 16:20:46.162 +08 [7084] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 08 16:20:46 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[7084]: 2025-10-08 16:20:46.162 +08 [7084] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 08 16:20:46 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

9. Verify

-- Load WAL File generation (Testing)

postgres=# -- Create test table
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS wal_test;
CREATE TABLE wal_test (
    id serial PRIMARY KEY,
    data text
);

-- Generate WAL traffic
DO $$
DECLARE
    i integer;
BEGIN
    FOR i IN 1..50 LOOP
        -- INSERT: 10,000 rows
        INSERT INTO wal_test (data)
        SELECT repeat('wal_test_data_', 50)
        FROM generate_series(1, 10000);

        -- UPDATE: 5,000 rows using CTE with LIMIT
        WITH to_update AS (
            SELECT id FROM wal_test WHERE id % 2 = 0 LIMIT 5000
        )
        UPDATE wal_test
        SET data = data || '_updated'
        WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM to_update);

        -- DELETE: 5,000 rows using CTE with LIMIT
        WITH to_delete AS (
            SELECT id FROM wal_test WHERE id % 3 = 0 LIMIT 5000
        )
        DELETE FROM wal_test
        WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM to_delete);

        -- Commit to flush WAL
        COMMIT;

        -- Optional pause to slow down the loop
        PERFORM pg_sleep(0.5);
    END LOOP;
END$$;
DROP TABLE
CREATE TABLE
DO
postgres=# exit
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth  /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
total 752M
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    6 Sep 30 21:50 summaries
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000009
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000010
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000011
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000012
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000013
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000014
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000015
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000016
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000017
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000018
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000019
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000020
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000021
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000022
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000023
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000024
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000025
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000026
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000027
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000028
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000029
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000030
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000031
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000032
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000033
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000034
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000035
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 4.0K Oct  8 16:36 archive_status
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:36 xlogtemp.7289
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

10. Remove Old WAL Directory (Optional, later)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres 141 Oct  8 16:08 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ rm -rf /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

WAL Files

PostgreSQLarchive log, archive_command, database logs, min_wal_size, pg_wal, PITR, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL Backup, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL recovery, PostgreSQL vs Oracle, redo logs, WAL archives, WAL files

Understanding WAL Files in PostgreSQL – For Oracle DBAs

What is WAL?

WAL (Write-Ahead Logging) ensures data durability and crash recovery. Every change is first written to WAL before being flushed to data files. 

1. WAL Location: WAL files are stored in $PGDATA/pg_wal/.
2. Fixed Size: Each WAL segment is pre-allocated with a fixed size (typically 16MB), set at cluster initialization (initdb).
3. Writing & Switching: WAL segments are written sequentially. PostgreSQL switches to the next segment when the current one is full or a manual switch is triggered (e.g., via pg_switch_wal()).
4. WAL and Archive File Size: When archived, the exact same 16MB WAL segment file is copied as raw binary to the archive destination. Therefore, archive files always match the WAL segment size.
5. Archiving: If archive_mode = on, PostgreSQL uses the archive_command to copy completed WAL segments to the archive destination (e.g., /pgArch/...). Only full segments are archived.
6. Recycling: If archiving is disabled, PostgreSQL reuses old WAL segments once they’re no longer needed for recovery or replication.

WAL Files = Redo Log Files
WAL Archives = Archive Log Files

PostgreSQL vs Oracle Comparison

Aspect	Oracle	PostgreSQL
Redo Log Files	Called Redo Log Files	Called WAL Files
Archive Log Files	Called Archive Log Files	Called WAL Archives
Redo Log File Size	~200MB (default)	16MB (default and fixed)
Redo Log Files Count	Minimum 2 or more redo log groups (Best practice: 3)	No fixed number Controlled by: min_wal_size / wal_segment_size Example: 80MB / 16MB = 5 WAL files
Archive Log File Size	~200MB (same as redo log file size)	16MB (same as WAL file size)
Log File Storage	Redo log files stored in redo log groups	WAL files stored in `pg_wal` directory
Archiving Mechanism	Archive logs created if archiving is enabled	Archived via `archive_command` if `archive_mode = on`
Overwrite Behavior	Redo logs are overwritten when full (if archive not enabled)	WAL segments are recycled/overwritten when full (if `archive_mode` is off)
Force Switch Behavior	ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;	SELECT pg_switch_wal();

PostgreSQL WAL Configuration Parameters

Parameter	Meaning	Default
`wal_segment_size`	Size of each WAL file	16MB
`min_wal_size`	Minimum total WAL size retained	80MB (5 WAL files) Common in production: 8GB
`max_wal_size`	Max WAL before triggering a checkpoint	1GB Common in production: 16GB

Check Configuration

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW wal_segment_size;"
wal_segment_size
------------------
16MB  <----- Each redo log file size
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW min_wal_size;"
 min_wal_size
--------------
 80MB <---- 80MB/16MB = 5 <--- Total 5 redo log files with each 16MB
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW max_wal_size;"
 max_wal_size
--------------
 1GB  <---- 1024MB
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

View WAL files (Redo log files)

postgres=# SELECT current_setting('data_directory') || '/pg_wal' AS wal_directory;
        wal_directory
-----------------------------
 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal  <---- Redo log file directory
(1 row)

postgres=# 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lh /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal | grep -E '^-.* [0-9]+ .* [0-9A-F]{24}$'
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct 8 01:33 000000010000000000000005
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct 8 01:28 000000010000000000000006
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct 8 01:28 000000010000000000000007
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

min_wal_size = 80MB means PostgreSQL will try to keep at least 5 WAL segment files on disk (since 80MB ÷ 16MB = 5 files).

However, in our case, only 3 WAL files are currently present. This is likely because the system is under low load in the testing environment, so fewer WAL files are needed at the moment.

---- Lets Generate Load

postgres=# -- Create test table
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS wal_test;
CREATE TABLE wal_test (
    id serial PRIMARY KEY,
    data text
);

-- Generate WAL traffic
DO $$
DECLARE
    i integer;
BEGIN
    FOR i IN 1..50 LOOP
        -- INSERT: 10,000 rows
        INSERT INTO wal_test (data)
        SELECT repeat('wal_test_data_', 50)
        FROM generate_series(1, 10000);

        -- UPDATE: 5,000 rows using CTE with LIMIT
        WITH to_update AS (
            SELECT id FROM wal_test WHERE id % 2 = 0 LIMIT 5000
        )
        UPDATE wal_test
        SET data = data || '_updated'
        WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM to_update);

        -- DELETE: 5,000 rows using CTE with LIMIT
        WITH to_delete AS (
            SELECT id FROM wal_test WHERE id % 3 = 0 LIMIT 5000
        )
        DELETE FROM wal_test
        WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM to_delete);

        -- Commit to flush WAL
        COMMIT;

        -- Optional pause to slow down the loop
        PERFORM pg_sleep(0.5);
    END LOOP;
END$$;
DROP TABLE
CREATE TABLE
DO
postgres=# exit
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ 
ls -lrth /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
total 752M
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    6 Sep 30 21:50 summaries
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000009
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000010
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000011
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000012
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000013
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000014
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000015
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000016
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000017
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000018
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000019
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000020
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000021
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000022
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000023
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000024
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000025
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000026
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000027
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000028
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000029
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000030
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000031
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000032
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000033
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000034
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000035
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 4.0K Oct  8 16:36 archive_status
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:36 xlogtemp.7289
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ 

-- Now We can see Many WAL Files (Redo log files) generated, count increased from 3 WAL files to 50+ WAL files

View Archived WAL Files (Archive log files)

postgres=# SHOW archive_command;
        archive_command
-------------------------------
 cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f
(1 row)

postgres=#

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
total 976M
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:50 000000010000000000000001
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:51 000000010000000000000002
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 01:28 000000010000000000000003
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 01:28 000000010000000000000004
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 04:24 000000010000000000000005
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000006
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:24 000000010000000000000007
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:25 000000010000000000000008
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000009
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000010
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000011
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000012
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000013
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000014
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000015
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000016
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000017
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000018
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000019
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000020
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000021
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000022
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000023
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000024
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000025
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000026
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000027
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000028
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000029
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000030
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000031
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000032
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000033
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000034
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000035
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000036
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000037
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000038
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000039
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 00000001000000000000003A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 00000001000000000000003B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 00000001000000000000003C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 00000001000000000000003D
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

-- WAL and Archive File Size: When archived, the exact same 16MB WAL segment file is copied as raw binary to the archive destination. Therefore, archive files always match the WAL segment size (redo log size).

Best Practices

Use a dedicated mount point for pg_wal (WAL directory) – eg. /pgWal
Set min_wal_size to higher value in production (e.g. 8GB)
Keep WAL archive files on a separate mount point for better I/O and space isolation – eg. /pgArch
Monitor WAL archive directory regularly to avoid disk full errors

Note:

WAL file size is fixed at cluster init (default: 16MB). You cannot change it for an existing cluster.
PostgreSQL WAL Size Be Can Increased only at NEW cluster creation time via initdb (64MB)
/usr/pgsql-17/bin/initdb –wal-segsize=64 -D /pgData/pgsql17/data

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Enable Archive Mode (WAL Archiving)

PostgreSQLarchive_command, enable archive mode, Linux PostgreSQL setup, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL Admin, PostgreSQL archive log, PostgreSQL archive_mode, PostgreSQL Backup, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL disaster recovery, PostgreSQL PITR, PostgreSQL replication, PostgreSQL Tutorials, WAL files, write-ahead logging

Enable Archive Mode in PostgreSQL 17

0. Importance of Archive Log Files
1. Verify Existing Archive Mode
2. Ensure Archive Directory Exists
3. Edit postgresql.conf
4. Restart PostgreSQL
5. Verify the Configuration
6. Test Archiving Works

0. Importance of Archive Log Files

Archive log files, also known as WAL archives (Write-Ahead Log archives) , play a critical role in PostgreSQL for data protection, recovery, and replication.

A. Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR): Restore the database to a specific point in time, useful for accidental data changes or loss.
B. Continuous Backup: Works with base backups to enable robust disaster recovery.
C. Streaming Replication Support: Helps standby servers catch up if they fall behind.
D. Disaster Recovery: Enables full recovery after hardware or data corruption.
E. Data Audit & Analysis: Allows decoding WAL logs for auditing and compliance.

🛑 Important Note:

If WAL archiving is disabled and a backup is taken, you can only restore to the exact backup time, not to any point after.

1. Verify Existing Archive Mode

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# SHOW archive_mode;
 archive_mode 
--------------
 off <--- it's off
(1 row)

postgres=# SHOW archive_command;
 archive_command 
-----------------
 (disabled) <----
(1 row)

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Tue 2025-10-07 18:33:05 +08; 2min 26s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 5911 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 5916 (postgres)
      Tasks: 7 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 21.3M
        CPU: 177ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─5916 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─5917 "postgres: logger "
             ├─5918 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─5919 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─5921 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─5922 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─5923 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5916]: 2025-10-07 18:33:05.392 +08 [5916] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5916]: 2025-10-07 18:33:05.392 +08 [5916] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

Currently, there is no active archive process running in the background.

2. Ensure Archive Directory Exists

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# mkdir -p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chown postgres:postgres /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chmod 700 /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/

3. Edit `postgresql.conf`

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ vi /pgData/pgsql17/data/postgresql.conf

Update or add the following lines:

archive_mode = on
archive_command = 'cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f'

Explanation:

%p = Full path of WAL file
%f = WAL file name
cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f = Command to copy the WAL file to archive directory

4. Restart PostgreSQL

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Tue 2025-10-07 23:48:29 +08; 18s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 7868 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 7873 (postgres)
      Tasks: 8 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 19.0M
        CPU: 96ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─7873 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─7874 "postgres: logger "
             ├─7875 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─7876 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─7878 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─7879 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             ├─7880 "postgres: archiver "  <------
             └─7881 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 07 23:48:29 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 07 23:48:29 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[7873]: 2025-10-07 23:48:29.503 +08 [7873] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 07 23:48:29 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[7873]: 2025-10-07 23:48:29.503 +08 [7873] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 07 23:48:29 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

Make sure the archiver process is running.

5. Verify the Configuration

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW archive_mode;"
 archive_mode 
--------------
 on <-----------
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW archive_command;"
        archive_command         
-------------------------------
 cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f  <-----------------
(1 row)

6. Test Archiving Works

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SELECT pg_switch_wal();"

Check archive folder for new WAL files:

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
total 16M
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:50 000000010000000000000001

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SELECT pg_switch_wal();"
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
total 32M
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:50 000000010000000000000001
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:51 000000010000000000000002

Archiving is working successfully.

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Change Data Directory

PostgreSQL.bash_profile, Change Data Directory, chmod, chown, daemon-reload, database administration, How to change PGDATA, Linux PostgreSQL, mkdir, mv, pgdata, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL Directory Migration, PostgreSQL rsync Copy, PostgreSQL Service Configuration, PostgreSQL Setup, PostgreSQL Tuning, postgresql-17.service, psql, Relocate PostgreSQL Data, rsync, sed, systemctl, Systemd PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL 17 – Change Data Directory

0. Overview
1. Stop PostgreSQL Service
2. Create the New Directory
3. Copy Existing Data to New Location
4. Move existing data directory
5. Update PostgreSQL Configuration to Use New Data Directory
6. Reload systemd and start PostgreSQL
7. Edit postgres .bash_profile
8. Verify New Data Directory is in Use
9. Remove Old Data Directory (Optional – A week after)

0. Overview

To change the PostgreSQL 17 data directory from its default location

From: /var/lib/pgsql/17/data To: /pgData/pgsql17/data

1. Stop PostgreSQL Service

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW data_directory;"
     data_directory
------------------------
 /var/lib/pgsql/17/data <---- existing data directory
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl stop postgresql-17
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# 
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ps -ef | grep postgres
root        5759    4079  0 18:09 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

2. Create the New Directory

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# mkdir -p /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chown postgres:postgres /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chmod 700 /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

3. Copy Existing Data to New Location

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ nohup rsync -av --progress /var/lib/pgsql/17/data/ /pgData/pgsql17/data/ > rsync_pgdata.log 2>&1 &
[1] 5863
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ tail -f rsync_pgdata.log
pg_wal/000000010000000000000002
     16,777,216 100%   17.68MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#1621, to-chk=3/1652)
pg_wal/archive_status/
pg_wal/summaries/
pg_xact/
pg_xact/0000
          8,192 100%    8.84kB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#1622, to-chk=0/1652)

sent 73,827,441 bytes  received 31,005 bytes  49,238,964.00 bytes/sec
total size is 73,717,583  speedup is 1.00
^C[1]+  Done                    nohup rsync -av --progress /var/lib/pgsql/17/data/ /pgData/pgsql17/data/ > rsync_pgdata.log 2>&1

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

4. Move existing data directory

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ mv /var/lib/pgsql/17/data /var/lib/pgsql/17/data_bkp_10072025
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

5. Update PostgreSQL Configuration to Use New Data Directory

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service | grep -i "Environment=PGDATA"
Environment=PGDATA=/var/lib/pgsql/17/data/  <-----
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ls -ltr /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1788 Aug 13 17:39 /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# sed -i 's|^Environment=PGDATA=.*|Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data/|' /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service | grep -i "Environment=PGDATA"
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data/ <------
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

6. Reload systemd and start PostgreSQL

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl cat postgresql-17 | grep -i Environment=PGDATA
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data/ <-----
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Tue 2025-10-07 18:33:05 +08; 2min 26s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 5911 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 5916 (postgres)
      Tasks: 7 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 21.3M
        CPU: 177ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─5916 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─5917 "postgres: logger "
             ├─5918 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─5919 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─5921 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─5922 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─5923 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5916]: 2025-10-07 18:33:05.392 +08 [5916] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5916]: 2025-10-07 18:33:05.392 +08 [5916] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.

7. Edit postgres .bash_profile

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat .bash_profile | grep -i PGDATA=
PGDATA=/var/lib/pgsql/17/data
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ sed -i 's|^PGDATA=.*|PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data|' ~/.bash_profile
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat .bash_profile | grep -i PGDATA=
PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data <-----
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ . .bash_profile <-- reload the profile
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

8. Verify New Data Directory is in Use

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW data_directory;"
    data_directory
----------------------
 /pgData/pgsql17/data  <---- new data directory
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

9. Remove Old Data Directory (Optional – A week after)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /var/lib/pgsql/17/data_bkp_10072025
drwx------. 20 postgres postgres 4096 Oct  7 18:20 /var/lib/pgsql/17/data_bkp_10072025
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ rm -rf /var/lib/pgsql/17/data_bkp_10072025
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

pg_dump & pg_restore

PostgreSQLBinary Backup, Custom Format Backup, Database Best Practices, Database Migration, Database Restore, Directory Format Backup, Disaster Recovery, Full Backup, Object Level Backup, Parallel Backup, pg_basebackup, pg_dump, pg_dump examples, pg_dump options, pg_dumpall, pg_restore, pg_restore examples, pg_restore options, Plain Text Backup, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL 15, PostgreSQL 16, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL Admin, PostgreSQL Backup, PostgreSQL backup syntax, PostgreSQL CLI, PostgreSQL Commands, PostgreSQL Database, PostgreSQL Maintenance, PostgreSQL Restore, PostgreSQL restore syntax, PostgreSQL Tips, PostgreSQL Tutorials, psql, Restore from dump, Restore using psql, Schema Level Backup, Schema Restore, SQL Backup, Table Level Backup, Table Restore, Tar Format Backup

PostgreSQL pg_dump and pg_restore Guide

Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Backup:

0. pg_dump / pg_restore –help
1. Backup Output Formats
2. Full Database Backup

A. Plain Text Format
B. Tar Format
C. Directory Format
D. Custom Format

3. Schema Level Backup
4. Table Level Backup
5. Object Level Backup (PostgreSQL v17 Feature)

Restore:

6. Pre-requisites for Restore
7. Full Database Restore
8. Schema Level Restore

A. Restore from Own Schema’s Backup
B. Restore Specific Schema from Full Backup

9. Table Level Restore

A. Restore from Own Table’s Backup
B. Restore Table Data-Only from Schema Backup
C. Restore Table from Schema Backup
D. Restore Table with -n and -t Options
E. Restore Using Plain SQL File (COPY-based)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

0. pg_dump/pg_restore –help

Click to expand pg_dump –help

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ pg_dump --help
pg_dump dumps a database as a text file or to other formats.

Usage:
  pg_dump [OPTION]... [DBNAME]

General options:
  -f, --file=FILENAME          output file or directory name
  -F, --format=c|d|t|p         output file format (custom, directory, tar,
                               plain text (default))
  -j, --jobs=NUM               use this many parallel jobs to dump
  -v, --verbose                verbose mode
  -V, --version                output version information, then exit
  -Z, --compress=0-9           compression level for compressed formats
  --lock-wait-timeout=TIMEOUT  fail after waiting TIMEOUT for a table lock
  --no-sync                    do not wait for changes to be written safely to disk
  -?, --help                   show this help, then exit

Options controlling the output content:
  -a, --data-only              dump only the data, not the schema
  -b, --blobs                  include large objects in dump
  -B, --no-blobs               exclude large objects in dump
  -c, --clean                  clean (drop) database objects before recreating
  -C, --create                 include commands to create database in dump
  -e, --extension=PATTERN      dump the specified extension(s) only
  -E, --encoding=ENCODING      dump the data in encoding ENCODING
  -n, --schema=PATTERN         dump the specified schema(s) only
  -N, --exclude-schema=PATTERN do NOT dump the specified schema(s)
  -O, --no-owner               skip restoration of object ownership in
                               plain-text format
  -s, --schema-only            dump only the schema, no data
  -S, --superuser=NAME         superuser user name to use in plain-text format
  -t, --table=PATTERN          dump the specified table(s) only
  -T, --exclude-table=PATTERN  do NOT dump the specified table(s)
  -x, --no-privileges          do not dump privileges (grant/revoke)
  --binary-upgrade             for use by upgrade utilities only
  --column-inserts             dump data as INSERT commands with column names
  --disable-dollar-quoting     disable dollar quoting, use SQL standard quoting
  --disable-triggers           disable triggers during data-only restore
  --enable-row-security        enable row security (dump only content user has
                               access to)
  --exclude-table-data=PATTERN do NOT dump data for the specified table(s)
  --extra-float-digits=NUM     override default setting for extra_float_digits
  --if-exists                  use IF EXISTS when dropping objects
  --include-foreign-data=PATTERN
                               include data of foreign tables on foreign
                               servers matching PATTERN
  --inserts                    dump data as INSERT commands, rather than COPY
  --load-via-partition-root    load partitions via the root table
  --no-comments                do not dump comments
  --no-publications            do not dump publications
  --no-security-labels         do not dump security label assignments
  --no-subscriptions           do not dump subscriptions
  --no-table-access-method     do not dump table access methods
  --no-tablespaces             do not dump tablespace assignments
  --no-toast-compression       do not dump TOAST compression methods
  --no-unlogged-table-data     do not dump unlogged table data
  --on-conflict-do-nothing     add ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING to INSERT commands
  --quote-all-identifiers      quote all identifiers, even if not key words
  --rows-per-insert=NROWS      number of rows per INSERT; implies --inserts
  --section=SECTION            dump named section (pre-data, data, or post-data)
  --serializable-deferrable    wait until the dump can run without anomalies
  --snapshot=SNAPSHOT          use given snapshot for the dump
  --strict-names               require table and/or schema include patterns to
                               match at least one entity each
  --use-set-session-authorization
                               use SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of
                               ALTER OWNER commands to set ownership

Connection options:
  -d, --dbname=DBNAME      database to dump
  -h, --host=HOSTNAME      database server host or socket directory
  -p, --port=PORT          database server port number
  -U, --username=NAME      connect as specified database user
  -w, --no-password        never prompt for password
  -W, --password           force password prompt (should happen automatically)
  --role=ROLENAME          do SET ROLE before dump

If no database name is supplied, then the PGDATABASE environment
variable value is used.

Report bugs to <pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org>.
PostgreSQL home page: <https://www.postgresql.org/>
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

Click to expand pg_restore –help

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ pg_restore --help
pg_restore restores a PostgreSQL database from an archive created by pg_dump.

Usage:
  pg_restore [OPTION]... [FILE]

General options:
  -d, --dbname=NAME        connect to database name
  -f, --file=FILENAME      output file name (- for stdout)
  -F, --format=c|d|t       backup file format (should be automatic)
  -l, --list               print summarized TOC of the archive
  -v, --verbose            verbose mode
  -V, --version            output version information, then exit
  -?, --help               show this help, then exit

Options controlling the restore:
  -a, --data-only              restore only the data, no schema
  -c, --clean                  clean (drop) database objects before recreating
  -C, --create                 create the target database
  -e, --exit-on-error          exit on error, default is to continue
  -I, --index=NAME             restore named index
  -j, --jobs=NUM               use this many parallel jobs to restore
  -L, --use-list=FILENAME      use table of contents from this file for
                               selecting/ordering output
  -n, --schema=NAME            restore only objects in this schema
  -N, --exclude-schema=NAME    do not restore objects in this schema
  -O, --no-owner               skip restoration of object ownership
  -P, --function=NAME(args)    restore named function
  -s, --schema-only            restore only the schema, no data
  -S, --superuser=NAME         superuser user name to use for disabling triggers
  -t, --table=NAME             restore named relation (table, view, etc.)
  -T, --trigger=NAME           restore named trigger
  -x, --no-privileges          skip restoration of access privileges (grant/revoke)
  -1, --single-transaction     restore as a single transaction
  --disable-triggers           disable triggers during data-only restore
  --enable-row-security        enable row security
  --if-exists                  use IF EXISTS when dropping objects
  --no-comments                do not restore comments
  --no-data-for-failed-tables  do not restore data of tables that could not be
                               created
  --no-publications            do not restore publications
  --no-security-labels         do not restore security labels
  --no-subscriptions           do not restore subscriptions
  --no-table-access-method     do not restore table access methods
  --no-tablespaces             do not restore tablespace assignments
  --section=SECTION            restore named section (pre-data, data, or post-data)
  --strict-names               require table and/or schema include patterns to
                               match at least one entity each
  --use-set-session-authorization
                               use SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of
                               ALTER OWNER commands to set ownership

Connection options:
  -h, --host=HOSTNAME      database server host or socket directory
  -p, --port=PORT          database server port number
  -U, --username=NAME      connect as specified database user
  -w, --no-password        never prompt for password
  -W, --password           force password prompt (should happen automatically)
  --role=ROLENAME          do SET ROLE before restore

The options -I, -n, -N, -P, -t, -T, and --section can be combined and specified
multiple times to select multiple objects.

If no input file name is supplied, then standard input is used.

Report bugs to <pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org>.
PostgreSQL home page: <https://www.postgresql.org/>
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

1. Backup Output Formats

A. Plain Text Format
# Using -Fp explicitly:
pg_dump -U postgres -d your_db_name -Fp -f /path/to/your_db.sql

# Shell redirect
pg_dump -U postgres -d your_db_name > /path/to/your_db.sql

B. Tar Format
pg_dump -U postgres -d your_db_name -Ft -f /path/to/your_db.tar

C. Directory Format and Parallel Backup
-- Parallel backup is only supported with -Fd
-- pg_dump will create the directory if it doesn't exist.

# Without parallelism
pg_dump -U postgres -d your_db_name -Fd -f /path/to/backup_dir/

# With parallelism
pg_dump -U postgres -d your_db_name -Fd -j8 -f /path/to/backup_dir/

D. Custom Format (Compressed binary format by default)
pg_dump -U postgres -d your_db_name -Fc -f /path/to/your_db.dump

2. Full Database Backup

A. Plain Text Format

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -v > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua_full.sql 2> /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/database_blpua_full.log &

-- OR --

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -v -Fp -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua_full1.sql > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/database_blpua_full1.log 2>&1 &

-- OR -- 

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua | split -b 1G - /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua_split.dmp
[postgres@pg17 ~]$
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua_s*
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 1.0G Sep 30 11:03 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua_split.dmpaa
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 650M Sep 30 11:03 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua_split.dmpab
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

-- OR --

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup sh -c "pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -v | gzip > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua.gz" > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/database_blpua.log 2>&1 &

-- OR --

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -v > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua.sql 2> /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/database_blpua.log & gzip /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua.sql

B. Tar Format

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -v -Ft -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua.tar > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/blpua_tar_dump.log 2>&1 &

C. Directory Format

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -v -Fd -j4 -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua_dir > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/blpua_dump.log 2>&1 &

D. Custome Format

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -Fc -v -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/database_blpua_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log 2>&1 &
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ 
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua*.dmp
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 402M Sep 29 04:58 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/database_blpua_2025_09_29.dmp

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/database_blpua*.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 2.5K Sep 29 04:58 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/database_blpua_2025_09_29.log
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

3. Schema Level Backup

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -n blp -Fc -v -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/schema_blp_blpua_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/schema_blp_blpua_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log 2>&1 &
[1] 5472
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ jobs -l
[1]+  5472 Running                 nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -n blp -Fc -v -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/schema_blp_blpua_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/schema_blp_blpua_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log 2>&1 &
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ jobs -l
[1]+  5472 Done                    nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -n blp -Fc -v -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/schema_blp_blpua_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/schema_blp_blpua_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log 2>&1
[postgres@pg17 ~]$


[postgres@pg17 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/schema_blp_blpua*
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 402M Sep 30 02:09 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/schema_blp_blpua*
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 2.5K Sep 30 02:09 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.log
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

4. Table Level Backup

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ nohup pg_dump -U postgres -d blpua -t blp.employees -Fc -v -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/table_blp_employees_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/table_blp_employees_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log 2>&1 &
[1] 5652
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ 

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/table_blp_employees_*
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 62M Sep 30 02:22 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/table_blp_employees_2025_09_30.dmp
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/table_blp_employees_*
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 2.0K Sep 30 02:22 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/blpua/log/table_blp_employees_2025_09_30.log
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

5. Object Level Backup (PostgreSQL v17 Feature)

++ filter is only for pg_dump, not pg_restore

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat include_tables.par
include table demo.table_1
include table demo.table_2
include table demo.table_3
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ pg_dump -d testdb_source --filter=include_tables.par > include_tables.sql

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth include_tables.sql
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 4.5K Sep 30 22:19 include_tables.sql
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat include_tables.sql | grep -i "CREATE TABLE"
CREATE TABLE demo.table_1 (
CREATE TABLE demo.table_2 (
CREATE TABLE demo.table_3 (
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat exclude_tables.par
exclude table demo.table_1
exclude table demo.table_2
exclude table demo.table_3
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ pg_dump -d testdb_source --filter=exclude_tables.par > exclude_tables.sql
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ltr exclude_tables.sql
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 10931 Sep 30 22:23 exclude_tables.sql
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat exclude_tables.sql | grep -i "CREATE TABLE"
CREATE TABLE demo.table_10 (
CREATE TABLE demo.table_4 (
CREATE TABLE demo.table_5 (
CREATE TABLE demo.table_6 (
CREATE TABLE demo.table_7 (
CREATE TABLE demo.table_8 (
CREATE TABLE demo.table_9 (
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

6. Pre-requisites for restore

postgres=# CREATE TABLESPACE TEST_TB LOCATION '/pgTb/pgsql15/test';
CREATE TABLESPACE
postgres=# CREATE TABLESPACE TEST_IX LOCATION '/pgIx/pgsql15/test';
CREATE TABLESPACE
postgres=#
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE TEST TABLESPACE TEST_TB;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=#

[postgres@pg17 blpua]$ scp *.dmp postgres@192.168.2.32:/pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test
postgres@192.168.2.32's password:
database_blpua_2025_09_29.dmp                           100%  402MB  39.9MB/s   00:10
schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp                         100%  402MB  43.8MB/s   00:09
table_blp_employees_2025_09_30.dmp                      100%   61MB  47.0MB/s   00:01
[postgres@pg17 blpua]$

7. Full Database Restore

++ The source database uses two custom tablespaces: blpua_tbs01 and blpua_ixtbs01.
++ On the target system, I have two different tablespaces: test_tb and test_ix.
++ Unlike Oracle, PostgreSQL does not provide a direct equivalent of REMAP_TABLESPACE.
++ Therefore, to simplify the restore and ensure all objects are placed into the default tablespace (test_tb).
++ Using --no-owner --no-tablespaces in pg_restore — even if not specified, data still gets written to the default database tablespace. These options just help avoid errors in the log.
++ This ensures that all objects are restored to the default tablespace of the target database, regardless of their original tablespace assignments.
++ Later, we can move all indexes to the desired target tablespace using the ALTER INDEX ... SET TABLESPACE command.
postgres=# \c test
You are now connected to database "test" as user "postgres".
test=# ALTER INDEX blp.idx_employee_name SET TABLESPACE test_ix;  <--  This command physically relocates the index to the test_ix tablespace.
ALTER INDEX
test=#


[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ nohup pg_restore -U postgres -d test --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/database_blpua_2025_09_29.dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/log/restore_blpua_test_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log 2>&1 &
[1] 5300
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/log/restore_blpua_test_2025_09_30.log
nohup: ignoring input
pg_restore: connecting to database for restore
pg_restore: creating SCHEMA "blp"
pg_restore: creating TYPE "blp.address"
pg_restore: creating TYPE "blp.employment_status"
pg_restore: creating DOMAIN "blp.positive_integer"
pg_restore: creating FUNCTION "blp.get_salary(integer)"
pg_restore: creating FUNCTION "blp.log_update()"
pg_restore: creating PROCEDURE "blp.raise_salary(integer, numeric)"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.emp_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.employees"
pg_restore: creating MATERIALIZED VIEW "blp.emp_summary"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.employees_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE OWNED BY "blp.employees_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating VIEW "blp.high_paid_employees"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics_high"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.metrics_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics_low"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics_mid"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics_rest"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales_2021"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales_2022"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales_2023"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales_2024"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.sales_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.test_data"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.test_data_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE OWNED BY "blp.test_data_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.metrics_high"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.metrics_low"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.metrics_mid"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.metrics_rest"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.sales_2021"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.sales_2022"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.sales_2023"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.sales_2024"
pg_restore: creating DEFAULT "blp.employees id"
pg_restore: creating DEFAULT "blp.test_data id"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.employees"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.metrics_high"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.metrics_low"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.metrics_mid"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.metrics_rest"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.sales_2021"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.sales_2022"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.sales_2023"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.sales_2024"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.test_data"
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET emp_id_seq
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET employees_id_seq
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET metrics_id_seq
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET sales_id_seq
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET test_data_id_seq
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.employees employees_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics metrics_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics_high metrics_high_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics_low metrics_low_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics_mid metrics_mid_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics_rest metrics_rest_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales sales_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales_2021 sales_2021_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales_2022 sales_2022_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales_2023 sales_2023_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales_2024 sales_2024_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.test_data test_data_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX "blp.idx_employee_name"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.metrics_high_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.metrics_low_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.metrics_mid_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.metrics_rest_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.sales_2021_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.sales_2022_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.sales_2023_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.sales_2024_pkey"
pg_restore: creating TRIGGER "blp.employees employee_update_trigger"
pg_restore: creating MATERIALIZED VIEW DATA "blp.emp_summary"
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

8. Schema Level Restore

++ pg_restore does not support schema remapping like Oracle’s REMAP_SCHEMA.
++ I want to restore schema blp --> trd. 
++ Option A: Restore Dump as it is, Then Rename <--- Best for simplicity
++ Option B: Split Dump into Schema + Data, Modify Both <--- This is more complex, but possible if you must use schema remapping.
++ This is schema dump file : /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
++ Using --no-owner --no-tablespaces in pg_restore — even if not specified, data still gets written to the default database tablespace. These options just help avoid errors in the log.

A. To Restore schema from own schema’s backup

postgres=# CREATE TABLESPACE ORCL_TB LOCATION '/pgTb/pgsql15/orcl';
CREATE TABLESPACE
postgres=# CREATE TABLESPACE ORCL_IX LOCATION '/pgIx/pgsql15/orcl';
CREATE TABLESPACE
postgres=#
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE ORCL TABLESPACE ORCL_TB;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=#

-- With NO parallelism


[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ nohup pg_restore -U postgres -d orcl --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/log/restore_blpua_test_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log 2>&1 &
[1] 7344
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

postgres=# \c orcl
You are now connected to database "orcl" as user "postgres".
orcl=# ALTER SCHEMA blp RENAME TO trd;
ALTER SCHEMA
orcl=# \dn
      List of schemas
  Name  |       Owner
--------+-------------------
 public | pg_database_owner
 trd    | postgres
(2 rows)

orcl=#


[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/log/restore_blpua_test_2025_09_30.log
nohup: ignoring input
pg_restore: connecting to database for restore
pg_restore: creating SCHEMA "blp"
pg_restore: creating TYPE "blp.address"
pg_restore: creating TYPE "blp.employment_status"
pg_restore: creating DOMAIN "blp.positive_integer"
pg_restore: creating FUNCTION "blp.get_salary(integer)"
pg_restore: creating FUNCTION "blp.log_update()"
pg_restore: creating PROCEDURE "blp.raise_salary(integer, numeric)"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.emp_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.employees"
pg_restore: creating MATERIALIZED VIEW "blp.emp_summary"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.employees_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE OWNED BY "blp.employees_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating VIEW "blp.high_paid_employees"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics_high"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.metrics_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics_low"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics_mid"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.metrics_rest"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales_2021"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales_2022"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales_2023"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.sales_2024"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.sales_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.test_data"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.test_data_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE OWNED BY "blp.test_data_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.metrics_high"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.metrics_low"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.metrics_mid"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.metrics_rest"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.sales_2021"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.sales_2022"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.sales_2023"
pg_restore: creating TABLE ATTACH "blp.sales_2024"
pg_restore: creating DEFAULT "blp.employees id"
pg_restore: creating DEFAULT "blp.test_data id"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.employees"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.metrics_high"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.metrics_low"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.metrics_mid"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.metrics_rest"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.sales_2021"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.sales_2022"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.sales_2023"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.sales_2024"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.test_data"
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET emp_id_seq
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET employees_id_seq
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET metrics_id_seq
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET sales_id_seq
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET test_data_id_seq
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.employees employees_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics metrics_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics_high metrics_high_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics_low metrics_low_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics_mid metrics_mid_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.metrics_rest metrics_rest_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales sales_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales_2021 sales_2021_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales_2022 sales_2022_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales_2023 sales_2023_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.sales_2024 sales_2024_pkey"
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.test_data test_data_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX "blp.idx_employee_name"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.metrics_high_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.metrics_low_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.metrics_mid_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.metrics_rest_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.sales_2021_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.sales_2022_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.sales_2023_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX ATTACH "blp.sales_2024_pkey"
pg_restore: creating TRIGGER "blp.employees employee_update_trigger"
pg_restore: creating MATERIALIZED VIEW DATA "blp.emp_summary"
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$


--- OR ---

-- With parallelism 4

nohup pg_restore -U postgres -d orcl -j4 --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/log/restore_blpua_test_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log1 2>&1 &

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ ps -ef | grep pg_restore
postgres    7089    5102  0 05:49 pts/0    00:00:00 pg_restore -U postgres -d orcl -j4 --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
postgres    7091    7089  2 05:49 pts/0    00:00:00 pg_restore -U postgres -d orcl -j4 --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
postgres    7092    7089  3 05:49 pts/0    00:00:00 pg_restore -U postgres -d orcl -j4 --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
postgres    7093    7089  2 05:49 pts/0    00:00:00 pg_restore -U postgres -d orcl -j4 --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
postgres    7094    7089  2 05:49 pts/0    00:00:00 pg_restore -U postgres -d orcl -j4 --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
postgres    7126    5736  0 05:49 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto pg_restore
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

B. To Restore only a specific schema from Full Database Backup

Step 1: Create schema 

gebua=# CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS blp;

Step 2: Restore Objects and Data

nohup pg_restore -U postgres -d gebua -n blp --no-owner --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/database_blpua_2025_09_29.dmp > /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/log/restore_blpua_test_$(date +%Y_%m_%d).log_full 2>&1 &

9. Table Level Restore

A. Restore Table from own table’s backup

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ pg_restore -l /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/table_blp_employees_2025_09_30.dmp
;
; Archive created at 2025-09-30 02:22:21 EDT
;     dbname: blpua
;     TOC Entries: 13
;     Compression: -1
;     Dump Version: 1.14-0
;     Format: CUSTOM
;     Integer: 4 bytes
;     Offset: 8 bytes
;     Dumped from database version: 15.13
;     Dumped by pg_dump version: 15.13
;
;
; Selected TOC Entries:
;
229; 1259 92805 TABLE blp employees postgres
228; 1259 92804 SEQUENCE blp employees_id_seq postgres
4338; 0 0 SEQUENCE OWNED BY blp employees_id_seq postgres
4181; 2604 92808 DEFAULT blp employees id postgres
4331; 0 92805 TABLE DATA blp employees postgres
4339; 0 0 SEQUENCE SET blp employees_id_seq postgres
4183; 2606 92812 CONSTRAINT blp employees employees_pkey postgres
4184; 1259 92824 INDEX blp idx_employee_name postgres
4185; 2620 92829 TRIGGER blp employees employee_update_trigger postgres
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$


Step 1: Create schema 

postgres=# \c edpua
You are now connected to database "edpua" as user "postgres".
edpua=# CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS blp;
CREATE SCHEMA
edpua=#


Step 2: Restore Objects and Data

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ pg_restore -U postgres -d edpua --no-tablespaces -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/table_blp_employees_2025_09_30.dmp
pg_restore: connecting to database for restore
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.employees"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE "blp.employees_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating SEQUENCE OWNED BY "blp.employees_id_seq"
pg_restore: creating DEFAULT "blp.employees id"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.employees"
pg_restore: executing SEQUENCE SET employees_id_seq
pg_restore: creating CONSTRAINT "blp.employees employees_pkey"
pg_restore: creating INDEX "blp.idx_employee_name"
pg_restore: creating TRIGGER "blp.employees employee_update_trigger"
pg_restore: while PROCESSING TOC:
pg_restore: from TOC entry 4185; 2620 92829 TRIGGER employees employee_update_trigger postgres
pg_restore: error: could not execute query: ERROR:  function blp.log_update() does not exist
Command was: CREATE TRIGGER employee_update_trigger AFTER UPDATE ON blp.employees FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION blp.log_update();


pg_restore: warning: errors ignored on restore: 1
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

++ PostgreSQL does not have a --ignore-errors flag, The above erros ignorable.

B. Restore Single Table data-only from Schema backup

edpua=# TRUNCATE TABLE blp.employees;
TRUNCATE TABLE
edpua=#

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ pg_restore -U postgres -d edpua --data-only -t employees -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
pg_restore: connecting to database for restore
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.employees"
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

edpua=# select count(*) from blp.employees;
 5000000  <-----

edpua=#

C. Restore Single Table from Schema backup

Step 1: Create schema 

edpua=# CREATE SCHEMA blp;

Step 2: Restore Objects and Data

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ pg_restore -U postgres -d edpua --clean -t employees -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
pg_restore: connecting to database for restore
pg_restore: dropping TABLE employees
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.employees"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.employees"
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (15.14)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \c edpua
You are now connected to database "edpua" as user "postgres".
edpua=# select count(*) from blp.employees;
  count
---------
 5000000 <----
(1 row)

edpua=#

D. Restore Single Table from Schema backup (add both -n and -t)

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ pg_restore -U postgres -d edpua --clean -n blp -t employees -v /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
pg_restore: connecting to database for restore
pg_restore: dropping TABLE employees
pg_restore: creating TABLE "blp.employees"
pg_restore: processing data for table "blp.employees"
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (15.14)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \c edpua
You are now connected to database "edpua" as user "postgres".
edpua=# select count(*) from blp.employees;
  count
---------
 5000000 <-----
(1 row)

edpua=#

E. Restoring Using a Plain SQL File (COPY-based)

Step 1: Extracted table data from custom-format dump

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ pg_restore -U postgres -n blp -t employees -f /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/blp_employees.sql /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/schema_blp_blpua_2025_09_30.dmp
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/blp_employees.sql
-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 210M Sep 30 09:17 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/blp_employees.sql
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ head -50 /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/blp_employees.sql
--
-- PostgreSQL database dump
--

\restrict TthhVsS8JvVxrplYNApzHUalZpygXUqFg2pIvbSH8GTkbJ6WBNyW0JLnuuvkPdt

-- Dumped from database version 15.13
-- Dumped by pg_dump version 15.13

SET statement_timeout = 0;
SET lock_timeout = 0;
SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0;
SET client_encoding = 'UTF8';
SET standard_conforming_strings = on;
SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false);
SET check_function_bodies = false;
SET xmloption = content;
SET client_min_messages = warning;
SET row_security = off;

SET default_tablespace = '';

SET default_table_access_method = heap;

--
-- Name: employees; Type: TABLE; Schema: blp; Owner: postgres
--

CREATE TABLE blp.employees (
    id integer NOT NULL,
    name text,
    salary numeric(10,2),
    hired_on date
);


ALTER TABLE blp.employees OWNER TO postgres;

--
-- Data for Name: employees; Type: TABLE DATA; Schema: blp; Owner: postgres
--

COPY blp.employees (id, name, salary, hired_on) FROM stdin;
1       Employee_1      70969.47        2005-06-13
2       Employee_2      94341.15        2006-12-09
3       Employee_3      101657.57       2012-07-05
4       Employee_4      54701.92        2010-01-05
5       Employee_5      104229.43       2001-06-28
6       Employee_6      95842.57        2010-10-06
7       Employee_7      50618.08        2015-06-02
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

Step 2: Restore using psql command

postgres=# \c edpua
You are now connected to database "edpua" as user "postgres".
edpua=#
edpua=# drop table blp.employees;
DROP TABLE
edpua=# exit
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$


psql -U postgres -d edpua < /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/blp_employees.sql

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -U postgres -d edpua < /pgBackup/pgsql15/backup/test/blp_employees.sql
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
 set_config
------------

(1 row)

SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
SET
CREATE TABLE
ALTER TABLE
COPY 5000000
[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxtrdpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (15.14)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \c edpua
You are now connected to database "edpua" as user "postgres".
edpua=# SELECT COUNT(*) FROM blp.employees;
  count
---------
 5000000 <-----
(1 row)

edpua=#

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

PSQL

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PostgreSQL DBA Step by Step Learning

#	PostgreSQL DBA Topics
1	How to Install PostgreSQL ON Linux?
2	How to Install PostgreSQL on Linux 7 using source code?
3	How to START/STOP PostgreSQL ON Linux?
4	How to Create Database in PostgreSQL?
5	PostgreSQL User Management
6	PostgreSQL pg_hba.conf Guide
7	PostgreSQL Change Data Directory
8	Understanding WAL Files in PostgreSQL – For Oracle DBAs
9	Change PostgreSQL WAL Directory Path (pg_wal)
10	Enable Archive Mode in PostgreSQL 17
11	How to Disable ARCHIVELOG Mode
12	PostgreSQL Tablespace Management
13	PostgreSQL pg_dump and pg_restore Guide
14	PostgreSQL Backup and Restore Using pg_dumpall and psql
15	pg_basebackup – Backup, Restore, and Recovery
16	Backup & Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster to Another Host (No Archive Mode)
17	Backup & Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster on Same Host
18	Restore PostgreSQL to New Host using pg_basebackup + WAL Archives
19	PostgreSQL PITR – Point in Time Recovery
20	Configure Streaming Replication in PostgreSQL
21	Manual Failover in PostgreSQL Streaming Replication
22	Convert Asynchronous Replication to Synchronous Replication

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Create a Second PostgreSQL Instance on the Same Linux Server

Table of Contents

0. Verify existing setup

1. Create new directories

2. Initialize second cluster

3. Edit second instance config

4. Start PostgreSQL Service

5. Connect to second instance

6. Create second systemd service

7. Verify instances

Uninstall PostgreSQL 17 on Linux (Installed Using RPM Method)

Table of Contents

0. Important Caution Before Proceeding

1. Check Installed PostgreSQL RPM Packages

2. Stop PostgreSQL Service

3. Disable PostgreSQL Service

4. Remove and Verify PostgreSQL RPM Packages

5. Verify Packages Are Removed

6. Remove PostgreSQL System User (Optional)

7. Remove PostgreSQL Configuration Files

8. Verify Complete Removal

Install PostgreSQL 17.4 Using Source Code (Linux 9)

Table of Contents

0. Environment

1. Set SELINUX to Permissive and Restart the server

2. Install Dependencies

3. Create postgres User

4. Download PostgreSQL Source

5. Extract Source

6. Configure Build

7. Compile Source

*** The FindBin module is a core Perl library used to locate the absolute directory path of the currently executing script. It is primarily used in conjunction with the lib module to dynamically load local, relative modules without hardcoding paths. ****

8. Install PostgreSQL

9. Install PostgreSQL Contrib for extensions

10. Set Environment Variables (As Postgres user)

11. Validation 1 (As Postgres user)

12. Initialize Database (As Postgres user)

13. Start Postgres Instance(As Postgres user)

14. Validation (As Postgres user)

15. Create systemctl service for PostgreSQL (as root user) - Optional

PostgreSQL DBA Step by Step Learning

PostgreSQL Versions & Key Features (as of April 2026)

How To Backup and Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster from One Host to Another Using pg_basebackup (No Archive Mode)

Table of Contents

In PostgreSQL, a cluster is a group of databases managed by one PostgreSQL server. This is just a standalone server, not like an Oracle RAC cluster.

1. Goal

2. Environment (Source / Target)

3. Verify Existing Setup

4. Verify postgresql.conf

5. Verify pg_hba.conf

6. Verify user permissions:REPLICATION or SUPERUSER required

7. Directory Permissions for Backup

8. Take Backup

9. Verify Backup

10. Transfer Backup to Target

11. Prepare Target & Restore

11.1 Backup Target (Optional)

11.2 Stop PostgreSQL and Clean Directories

11.3 Restore Data and WAL

11.4 Set Permissions

11.5 Verify Restored Files

11.6 Create Symbolic Link for WAL

12. Start PostgreSQL on Target — no recovery needed.

13. Final Verification

Table of Contents

0. Aim

1. Verify Existing pg_wal directory

2. Create the New Directory on a new disk

3. Stop PostgreSQL Service

4. Copy Existing WAL Files to New Location

5. Move old directory as backup

6. Create symlink

7. Fix permissions (if required)

8. Start PostgreSQL Service

9. Verify

10. Remove Old WAL Directory (Optional, later)

Understanding WAL Files in PostgreSQL – For Oracle DBAs

What is WAL?

PostgreSQL vs Oracle Comparison

PostgreSQL WAL Configuration Parameters

`* The FindBin module is a core Perl library used to locate the absolute directory path of the currently executing script. It is primarily used in conjunction with the lib module to dynamically load local, relative modules without hardcoding paths. **`

3. Edit `postgresql.conf`