Tag Archives: PostgreSQL Configuration

Database Directory Layout

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PostgreSQL Physical Directory Layout

Installation Directory Layout

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ls -ltr /usr/pgsql-17/
total 16
drwxr-xr-x. 3 postgres postgres 23 Jun 4 20:38 doc
drwxr-xr-x. 8 postgres postgres 4096 Jun 22 21:08 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 postgres postgres 4096 Jun 22 21:08 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 3 postgres postgres 4096 Jun 22 21:08 lib
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ls -lt /usr/pgsql-17/bin
total 14492
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 71072 May 21 13:49 clusterdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 75240 May 21 13:49 createdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 75624 May 21 13:49 createuser
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 66632 May 21 13:49 dropdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 66576 May 21 13:49 dropuser
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 113288 May 21 13:49 initdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 41400 May 21 13:49 oid2name
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 96824 May 21 13:49 pg_amcheck
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 41056 May 21 13:49 pg_archivecleanup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 142928 May 21 13:49 pg_basebackup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 162984 May 21 13:49 pgbench
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 49632 May 21 13:49 pg_checksums
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 116872 May 21 13:49 pg_combinebackup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 36656 May 21 13:49 pg_config
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 44984 May 21 13:49 pg_controldata
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 70768 May 21 13:49 pg_createsubscriber
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 62296 May 21 13:49 pg_ctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 447368 May 21 13:49 pg_dump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 117680 May 21 13:49 pg_dumpall
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 36952 May 21 13:49 pg_isready
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 92000 May 21 13:49 pg_receivewal
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 54544 May 21 13:49 pg_recvlogical
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 53808 May 21 13:49 pg_resetwal
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 194496 May 21 13:49 pg_restore
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 108584 May 21 13:49 pg_rewind
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 41120 May 21 13:49 pg_test_fsync
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 32632 May 21 13:49 pg_test_timing
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 171856 May 21 13:49 pg_upgrade
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 95928 May 21 13:49 pg_verifybackup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 95968 May 21 13:49 pg_waldump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 41184 May 21 13:49 pg_walsummary
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 10875088 May 21 13:49 postgres
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 729400 May 21 13:49 psql
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 83816 May 21 13:49 reindexdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 88344 May 21 13:49 vacuumdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 41200 May 21 13:49 vacuumlo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 2167 May 21 13:49 postgresql-17-check-db-dir
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 postgres postgres 9617 May 21 13:49 postgresql-17-setup
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

Database (Data) Directory Layout

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ls -l /pgData/pgsql17/data
total 68
drwx------. 9 postgres postgres    89 Jun 30 19:40 base
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    30 Jul  3 14:30 current_logfiles
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres  4096 Jul  3 14:58 global
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres   162 Jul  3 00:00 log
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 22 21:11 pg_commit_ts
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 22 21:11 pg_dynshmem
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  5798 Jun 29 23:45 pg_hba.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  2640 Jun 22 21:11 pg_ident.conf
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    68 Jul  3 14:30 pg_logical
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    36 Jun 22 21:11 pg_multixact
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 22 21:11 pg_notify
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 22 21:11 pg_replslot
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 22 21:11 pg_serial
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 22 21:11 pg_snapshots
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jul  3 14:29 pg_stat
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 22 21:11 pg_stat_tmp
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    18 Jun 22 21:11 pg_subtrans
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    19 Jul  2 18:32 pg_tblspc
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 22 21:11 pg_twophase
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres     3 Jun 22 21:11 PG_VERSION
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres    18 Jun 22 21:11 pg_wal -> /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    18 Jun 22 21:11 pg_xact
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    88 Jun 22 21:11 postgresql.auto.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 30881 Jun 29 23:37 postgresql.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    55 Jul  3 14:30 postmaster.opts
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    89 Jul  3 14:30 postmaster.pid
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

Name	Directory or File	Description
base	Directory	Contains subdirectories for each database. Each database is stored using its own database OID.
current_logfiles	File	Stores information about the log file currently being written by the logging collector process.
global	Directory	Contains cluster-wide shared system catalog tables such as pg_database, pg_authid, pg_tablespace, etc.
log	Directory	Stores PostgreSQL server logs and error log files.
pg_commit_ts	Directory	Stores transaction commit timestamp data when track_commit_timestamp is enabled.
pg_dynshmem	Directory	Stores files used by PostgreSQL dynamic shared memory subsystem.
pg_hba.conf	File	Client authentication configuration file. Controls which users and hosts can connect.
pg_ident.conf	File	Stores user name mapping rules between operating system users and database users.
pg_logical	Directory	Stores metadata and status information used for logical replication and logical decoding.
pg_multixact	Directory	Stores multitransaction status information used for shared row-level locking.
pg_notify	Directory	Stores LISTEN and NOTIFY asynchronous notification status data.
pg_replslot	Directory	Stores physical and logical replication slot information.
pg_serial	Directory	Stores metadata related to committed serializable transactions.
pg_snapshots	Directory	Stores exported transaction snapshot files.
pg_stat	Directory	Stores permanent statistics data used by PostgreSQL statistics subsystem.
pg_stat_tmp	Directory	Stores temporary statistics files generated by statistics collector.
pg_subtrans	Directory	Stores subtransaction status information for nested transactions.
pg_tblspc	Directory	Contains symbolic links pointing to user-created tablespaces.
pg_twophase	Directory	Stores prepared transaction state files used for two-phase commit.
PG_VERSION	File	Stores the PostgreSQL major version number of the database cluster.
pg_wal	Directory (Symlink)	Stores WAL (Write Ahead Log) files for crash recovery and replication. Example: /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
pg_xact	Directory	Stores transaction commit status information and transaction metadata logs.
postgresql.auto.conf	File	Stores configuration parameters automatically updated by ALTER SYSTEM.
postgresql.conf	File	Main PostgreSQL configuration file containing server parameter settings.
postmaster.opts	File	Stores command-line options used when PostgreSQL server was last started.
postmaster.pid	File	Stores Postmaster PID, startup time, port number, socket path, listen address, and shared memory details.

Difference between Base Directory and Global Directory

In PostgreSQL, both the Base Directory and the Global Directory reside within the PGDATA (the data cluster) folder. The primary difference lies in the scope and type of data they store.

postgres=# \db
       List of tablespaces
    Name    |  Owner   | Location
------------+----------+----------
 pg_default | postgres | <----- pg_default physical location: Located at $PGDATA/base/
 pg_global  | postgres | <----- pg_global physical location: Located at $PGDATA/global/
(2 rows)

postgres=#

-- List of Files and Directoires from Global Directory

[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ ls -la /pgData/pgsql17/data/global
total 580
drwx------.  2 postgres postgres  4096 Jul  3 16:03 .
drwx------. 19 postgres postgres  4096 Jul  3 16:01 ..
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1213
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 24576 Jul  3 16:01 1213_fsm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1213_vm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 1214
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1232
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1233
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1260
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 24576 Jul  3 16:01 1260_fsm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1260_vm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1261
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 24576 Jul  3 16:01 1261_fsm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1261_vm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1262
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 24576 Jul  3 16:01 1262_fsm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 1262_vm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 2396
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 24576 Jul  3 16:01 2396_fsm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 2396_vm
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2397
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2671
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2672
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2676
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2677
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2694
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2695
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2697
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 2698
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 2846
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 2847
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 2964
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 2965
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 2966
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 2967
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 3592
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 3593
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 4060
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 4061
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 4175
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 4176
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 4177
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 4178
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 4181
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 4182
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 4183
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 4184
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 4185
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 4186
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 6000
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 6001
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 6002
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 6100
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 6114
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 6115
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 6243
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres     0 Jul  3 16:01 6244
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 6245
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 6246
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:01 6247 
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 6302
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 16384 Jul  3 16:01 6303
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres  8192 Jul  3 16:06 pg_control
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres   524 Jul  3 16:01 pg_filenode.map
-rw-------.  1 postgres postgres 28724 Jul  3 16:03 pg_internal.init
[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$

-- List of Files and Directories from Base Directory 

[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ ls -la /pgData/pgsql17/data/base
total 40
drwx------.  5 postgres postgres   33 Jul  3 16:01 .
drwx------. 19 postgres postgres 4096 Jul  3 16:01 ..
drwx------.  2 postgres postgres 8192 Jul  3 16:03 1
drwx------.  2 postgres postgres 8192 Jul  3 16:01 4
drwx------.  2 postgres postgres 8192 Jul  3 16:02 5
[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$

1. The Global Directory (`pg_global`)

The global directory contains data that is shared across the entire database cluster.

Path: $PGDATA/global/
Scope: Cluster-wide.
Contents: It stores “Shared System Catalogs.” These are tables that contain information applicable to every database in the instance.
Key Files:
- pg_database: Information about all databases in the cluster.
- pg_authid: User roles and passwords (since a user can log into any database in the cluster).
- pg_tablespace: Information about defined storage locations.
Identification: Objects in this directory always have an OID (Object Identifier), but they do not belong to a specific database ID.

Lists only actual shared/global catalog tables (no indexes, no TOAST tables) from the global directory

-- Let's look at inside postgres global directory (only actual tables, excluding indexes and TOAST)

[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ cat list_global_tables.sh
#!/bin/bash
cd $PGDATA
# Header
printf "%-8s | %-40s | %-10s | %-15s | %-10s\n" \
"OID" "OBJECT_NAME" "TABLEOID" "SCHEMA" "TABLESPACE"

printf -- "-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"

# Loop through files in global directory
for i in $(find global -maxdepth 1 -type f | awk -F/ '{print $2}' | egrep '^[0-9]' | egrep -v 'fsm|vm')
do
    # Get object details from oid2name
    result=$(oid2name -x -S -q -o $i)

    # Parse fields
    oid=$(echo $result | awk '{print $1}')
    name=$(echo $result | awk '{print $2}')
    tableoid=$(echo $result | awk '{print $3}')
    schema=$(echo $result | awk '{print $4}')
    db=$(echo $result | awk '{print $5}')

    # Check relation type from pg_class
    relkind=$(psql -At -c "SELECT relkind FROM pg_class WHERE oid=$oid;" 2>/dev/null)

    # Show only actual tables (relkind = r)
    if [ "$relkind" = "r" ]; then
        printf "%-8s | %-40s | %-10s | %-15s | %-10s\n" \
        "$oid" "$name" "$tableoid" "$schema" "$db"
    fi
done
[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$

[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ ./list_global_tables.sh
OID      | OBJECT_NAME                              | TABLEOID   | SCHEMA          | TABLESPACE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1262     | pg_database                              | 1262       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
2964     | pg_db_role_setting                       | 2964       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
1213     | pg_tablespace                            | 1213       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
1260     | pg_authid                                | 1260       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
1261     | pg_auth_members                          | 1261       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
1214     | pg_shdepend                              | 1214       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
2396     | pg_shdescription                         | 2396       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
6000     | pg_replication_origin                    | 6000       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
3592     | pg_shseclabel                            | 3592       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
6243     | pg_parameter_acl                         | 6243       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
6100     | pg_subscription                          | 6100       | pg_catalog      | pg_global
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ tree /pgData/pgsql17/data/global
/pgData/pgsql17/data/global
├── 1213
├── 1213_fsm
├── 1213_vm
├── 1214
├── 1232
├── 1233
├── 1260
├── 1260_fsm
├── 1260_vm
├── 1261
├── 1261_fsm
├── 1261_vm
├── 1262
├── 1262_fsm
├── 1262_vm
├── 2396
├── 2396_fsm
├── 2396_vm
├── 2397
├── 2671
├── 2672
├── 2676
├── 2677
├── 2694
├── 2695
├── 2697
├── 2698
├── 2846
├── 2847
├── 2964
├── 2965
├── 2966
├── 2967
├── 3592
├── 3593
├── 4060
├── 4061
├── 4175
├── 4176
├── 4177
├── 4178
├── 4181
├── 4182
├── 4183
├── 4184
├── 4185
├── 4186
├── 6000
├── 6001
├── 6002
├── 6100
├── 6114
├── 6115
├── 6243
├── 6244
├── 6245
├── 6246
├── 6247
├── 6302
├── 6303
├── pg_control
├── pg_filenode.map
└── pg_internal.init

0 directories, 63 files
[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$

2. The Base Directory (`pg_base`)

The base directory contains the actual user data and system catalogs that are private to each specific database.

Path: $PGDATA/base/
Scope: Database-specific.
Structure: Inside base, there is a subdirectory for every database in the cluster, named after the database’s OID (e.g., $PGDATA/base/16384/).
Contents:
- User Tables and Indexes: The actual data you insert into your tables.
- Local System Catalogs: Tables like pg_class, pg_attribute, and pg_type which describe the structure of that specific database.
Identification: If you want to find where a specific table is stored, you look in base/[Database OID]/[Table Filenode]

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ psql -c "SELECT oid, datname FROM pg_database order by oid;"
 oid |  datname
-----+-----------
   1 | template1
   4 | template0
   5 | postgres
(3 rows)

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$
[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ ls /pgData/pgsql17/data/base | sort -n
1  <---- template1
4  <---- template0
5  <---- postgres
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

-- Let's look at inside postgres Base directory (only actual tables, excluding indexes and TOAST)

[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ cat list_base_tables.sh
#!/bin/bash

export PGHOME=/usr/pgsql-17
export PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data
export PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH

DBNAME="postgres"

# Get database OID
DBOID=$(psql -At -d $DBNAME -c "SELECT oid FROM pg_database WHERE datname='$DBNAME'")

# Header
printf "%-8s | %-40s | %-10s | %-15s | %-10s\n" \
"OID" "OBJECT_NAME" "TABLEOID" "SCHEMA" "Tablespace"

printf -- "-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"

# Use absolute path ($PGDATA/base/)
for i in $(find $PGDATA/base/$DBOID -maxdepth 1 -type f | awk -F/ '{print $NF}' | egrep '^[0-9]' | egrep -v 'fsm|vm')
do
    # Get object details
    result=$(oid2name -d $DBNAME -x -q -o $i)

    # Parse fields
    oid=$(echo "$result" | awk '{print $1}')
    name=$(echo "$result" | awk '{print $2}')
    tableoid=$(echo "$result" | awk '{print $3}')
    schema=$(echo "$result" | awk '{print $4}')
    db=$(echo "$result" | awk '{print $5}')

    # Check relation type
    relkind=$(psql -At -d $DBNAME -c "SELECT relkind FROM pg_class WHERE oid=$oid;" 2>/dev/null)

    # Show only actual tables
    if [ "$relkind" = "r" ]; then
        printf "%-8s | %-40s | %-10s | %-15s | %-10s\n" \
        "$oid" "$name" "$tableoid" "$schema" "$db"
    fi
done
[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$

[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ ./list_base_tables.sh

OID      | OBJECT_NAME                              | TABLEOID   | SCHEMA          | TABLESPACE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1255     | pg_proc                                  | 1255       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
1247     | pg_type                                  | 1247       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
1249     | pg_attribute                             | 1249       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
1259     | pg_class                                 | 1259       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2604     | pg_attrdef                               | 2604       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2606     | pg_constraint                            | 2606       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2611     | pg_inherits                              | 2611       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2610     | pg_index                                 | 2610       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2617     | pg_operator                              | 2617       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2753     | pg_opfamily                              | 2753       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2616     | pg_opclass                               | 2616       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2601     | pg_am                                    | 2601       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2602     | pg_amop                                  | 2602       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2603     | pg_amproc                                | 2603       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2612     | pg_language                              | 2612       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2995     | pg_largeobject_metadata                  | 2995       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2613     | pg_largeobject                           | 2613       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2600     | pg_aggregate                             | 2600       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2619     | pg_statistic                             | 2619       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3381     | pg_statistic_ext                         | 3381       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3429     | pg_statistic_ext_data                    | 3429       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2618     | pg_rewrite                               | 2618       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2620     | pg_trigger                               | 2620       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3466     | pg_event_trigger                         | 3466       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2609     | pg_description                           | 2609       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2605     | pg_cast                                  | 2605       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3501     | pg_enum                                  | 3501       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2615     | pg_namespace                             | 2615       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2607     | pg_conversion                            | 2607       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2608     | pg_depend                                | 2608       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3602     | pg_ts_config                             | 3602       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3603     | pg_ts_config_map                         | 3603       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3600     | pg_ts_dict                               | 3600       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3601     | pg_ts_parser                             | 3601       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3764     | pg_ts_template                           | 3764       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3079     | pg_extension                             | 3079       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2328     | pg_foreign_data_wrapper                  | 2328       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
1417     | pg_foreign_server                        | 1417       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
1418     | pg_user_mapping                          | 1418       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3118     | pg_foreign_table                         | 3118       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3256     | pg_policy                                | 3256       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
826      | pg_default_acl                           | 826        | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3394     | pg_init_privs                            | 3394       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3596     | pg_seclabel                              | 3596       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3456     | pg_collation                             | 3456       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3350     | pg_partitioned_table                     | 3350       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3541     | pg_range                                 | 3541       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
3576     | pg_transform                             | 3576       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
2224     | pg_sequence                              | 2224       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
6104     | pg_publication                           | 6104       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
6237     | pg_publication_namespace                 | 6237       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
6106     | pg_publication_rel                       | 6106       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
6102     | pg_subscription_rel                      | 6102       | pg_catalog      | pg_default
14382    | sql_features                             | 14382      | information_schema | pg_default
14387    | sql_implementation_info                  | 14387      | information_schema | pg_default
14392    | sql_parts                                | 14392      | information_schema | pg_default
14397    | sql_sizing                               | 14397      | information_schema | pg_default
[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$

-- Let's look at inside postgres Base directory (Complete List)

[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$ tree /pgData/pgsql17/data/base/5
/pgData/pgsql17/data/base/5
├── 112
├── 113
├── 1247
├── 1247_fsm
├── 1247_vm
├── 1249
├── 1249_fsm
├── 1249_vm
├── 1255
├── 1255_fsm
├── 1255_vm
├── 1259
├── 1259_fsm
├── 1259_vm
├── 1417
├── 1418
├── 14382
├── 14382_fsm
├── 14382_vm
├── 14385
├── 14386
├── 14387
├── 14387_fsm
├── 14387_vm
├── 14390
├── 14391
├── 14392
├── 14392_fsm
├── 14392_vm
├── 14395
├── 14396
├── 14397
├── 14397_fsm
├── 14397_vm
├── 14400
├── 14401
├── 174
├── 175
├── 2187
├── 2224
├── 2228
├── 2328
├── 2336
├── 2337
├── 2579
├── 2600
├── 2600_fsm
├── 2600_vm
├── 2601
├── 2601_fsm
├── 2601_vm
├── 2602
├── 2602_fsm
├── 2602_vm
├── 2603
├── 2603_fsm
├── 2603_vm
├── 2604
├── 2605
├── 2605_fsm
├── 2605_vm
├── 2606
├── 2606_fsm
├── 2606_vm
├── 2607
├── 2607_fsm
├── 2607_vm
├── 2608
├── 2608_fsm
├── 2608_vm
├── 2609
├── 2609_fsm
├── 2609_vm
├── 2610
├── 2610_fsm
├── 2610_vm
├── 2611
├── 2612
├── 2612_fsm
├── 2612_vm
├── 2613
├── 2615
├── 2615_fsm
├── 2615_vm
├── 2616
├── 2616_fsm
├── 2616_vm
├── 2617
├── 2617_fsm
├── 2617_vm
├── 2618
├── 2618_fsm
├── 2618_vm
├── 2619
├── 2619_fsm
├── 2619_vm
├── 2620
├── 2650
├── 2651
├── 2652
├── 2653
├── 2654
├── 2655
├── 2656
├── 2657
├── 2658
├── 2659
├── 2660
├── 2661
├── 2662
├── 2663
├── 2664
├── 2665
├── 2666
├── 2667
├── 2668
├── 2669
├── 2670
├── 2673
├── 2674
├── 2675
├── 2678
├── 2679
├── 2680
├── 2681
├── 2682
├── 2683
├── 2684
├── 2685
├── 2686
├── 2687
├── 2688
├── 2689
├── 2690
├── 2691
├── 2692
├── 2693
├── 2696
├── 2699
├── 2701
├── 2702
├── 2703
├── 2704
├── 2753
├── 2753_fsm
├── 2753_vm
├── 2754
├── 2755
├── 2756
├── 2757
├── 2830
├── 2831
├── 2832
├── 2833
├── 2834
├── 2835
├── 2836
├── 2836_fsm
├── 2836_vm
├── 2837
├── 2838
├── 2838_fsm
├── 2838_vm
├── 2839
├── 2840
├── 2840_fsm
├── 2840_vm
├── 2841
├── 2995
├── 2996
├── 3079
├── 3079_fsm
├── 3079_vm
├── 3080
├── 3081
├── 3085
├── 3118
├── 3119
├── 3164
├── 3256
├── 3257
├── 3258
├── 3350
├── 3351
├── 3379
├── 3380
├── 3381
├── 3394
├── 3394_fsm
├── 3394_vm
├── 3395
├── 3429
├── 3430
├── 3431
├── 3433
├── 3439
├── 3440
├── 3455
├── 3456
├── 3456_fsm
├── 3456_vm
├── 3466
├── 3467
├── 3468
├── 3501
├── 3502
├── 3503
├── 3534
├── 3541
├── 3541_fsm
├── 3541_vm
├── 3542
├── 3574
├── 3575
├── 3576
├── 3596
├── 3597
├── 3598
├── 3599
├── 3600
├── 3600_fsm
├── 3600_vm
├── 3601
├── 3601_fsm
├── 3601_vm
├── 3602
├── 3602_fsm
├── 3602_vm
├── 3603
├── 3603_fsm
├── 3603_vm
├── 3604
├── 3605
├── 3606
├── 3607
├── 3608
├── 3609
├── 3712
├── 3764
├── 3764_fsm
├── 3764_vm
├── 3766
├── 3767
├── 3997
├── 4143
├── 4144
├── 4145
├── 4146
├── 4147
├── 4148
├── 4149
├── 4150
├── 4151
├── 4152
├── 4153
├── 4154
├── 4155
├── 4156
├── 4157
├── 4158
├── 4159
├── 4160
├── 4163
├── 4164
├── 4165
├── 4166
├── 4167
├── 4168
├── 4169
├── 4170
├── 4171
├── 4172
├── 4173
├── 4174
├── 5002
├── 548
├── 549
├── 6102
├── 6104
├── 6106
├── 6110
├── 6111
├── 6112
├── 6113
├── 6116
├── 6117
├── 6175
├── 6176
├── 6228
├── 6229
├── 6237
├── 6238
├── 6239
├── 826
├── 827
├── 828
├── pg_filenode.map
├── pg_internal.init
└── PG_VERSION

0 directories, 299 files
[postgres@lxceftsgvdb01 ~]$

Caution: Your use of any information or materials on this website is entirely at your own risk. It is provided for educational purposes only. It has been tested internally, however, we do not guarantee that it will work for you. Ensure that you run it in your test environment before using.Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Create a Second PostgreSQL Instance on the Same Linux Server

PostgreSQLCreate multiple PostgreSQL instances on Linux, Create PostgreSQL Instance, Create second PostgreSQL instance on same Linux server, How to create multiple PostgreSQL instances, Linux PostgreSQL administration, Multiple PostgreSQL Instances on Linux, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL 17 multiple instances, PostgreSQL administration, PostgreSQL Cluster Name, postgresql cluster setup, PostgreSQL cluster setup on Linux, PostgreSQL cluster_name parameter, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL data directory, PostgreSQL data directory setup, PostgreSQL database administration, PostgreSQL DBA, PostgreSQL DBA training, PostgreSQL DBA tutorial, PostgreSQL for DBAs, PostgreSQL hands on lab, PostgreSQL installation, PostgreSQL Linux Installation, PostgreSQL Multiple Instances, PostgreSQL multiple instances configuration, PostgreSQL on Linux, PostgreSQL pg_ctl, PostgreSQL pg_ctl command, PostgreSQL port configuration, PostgreSQL postgresql.conf, PostgreSQL postgresql.conf configuration, PostgreSQL Second Instance, PostgreSQL second instance setup, PostgreSQL Server Management, PostgreSQL systemd Service, PostgreSQL systemd service configuration, PostgreSQL training, PostgreSQL Tutorial, Run multiple PostgreSQL instances on one server

Create a Second PostgreSQL Instance on the Same Linux Server

0. Verify existing setup

1. Create new directories

2. Initialize second cluster

3. Edit second instance config

4. Start PostgreSQL Service

5. Connect to second instance

6. Create second systemd service

7. Verify instances

0. Verify existing setup

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
root        3641    3561  0 16:57 pts/1    00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres    3642    3641  0 16:57 pts/1    00:00:00 -bash
postgres    3711       1  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4
postgres    3712    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: checkpointer
postgres    3713    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: background writer
postgres    3715    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: walwriter
postgres    3716    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: autovacuum launcher
postgres    3717    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: logical replication launcher
postgres    3731    3642  0 17:03 pts/1    00:00:00 psql
postgres    3732    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: postgres postgres [local] idle
root        3748    3164  0 17:09 pts/0    00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres    3749    3748  0 17:09 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash
postgres    3911    3749  0 17:59 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres    3912    3749  0 17:59 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

1. Create new directories

[root@pgdb02 ~]# mkdir -p /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
[root@pgdb02 ~]# mkdir -p /pgWal/pgsql/17.4/dev
[root@pgdb02 ~]# chown -R postgres:postgres /pgData /pgWal
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

2. Initialize second cluster

# As postgres user 

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/initdb -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev --waldir=/pgWal/pgsql/17.4/dev --wal-segsize=128
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_SG.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev ... ok
fixing permissions on existing directory /pgWal/pgsql/17.4/dev ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default "max_connections" ... 100
selecting default "shared_buffers" ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Asia/Singapore
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok

initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
initdb: hint: You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or --auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev -l logfile start

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
drwx------. 18 postgres postgres 4096 Jun 20 18:03 /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
total 56
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres    21 Jun 20 18:03 pg_wal -> /pgWal/pgsql/17.4/dev
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_commit_ts
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_dynshmem
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_twophase
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_tblspc
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_stat_tmp
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_snapshots
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_serial
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_replslot
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     6 Jun 20 18:03 pg_notify
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    36 Jun 20 18:03 pg_multixact
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres     3 Jun 20 18:03 PG_VERSION
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 30718 Jun 20 18:03 postgresql.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    88 Jun 20 18:03 postgresql.auto.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  5711 Jun 20 18:03 pg_hba.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  2640 Jun 20 18:03 pg_ident.conf
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    18 Jun 20 18:03 pg_xact
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    18 Jun 20 18:03 pg_subtrans
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres  4096 Jun 20 18:03 global
drwx------. 5 postgres postgres    33 Jun 20 18:03 base
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres    68 Jun 20 18:03 pg_logical
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    25 Jun 20 18:03 pg_stat
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

**** we can see here 700 permission set by initdb command.

3. Edit second instance config

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ egrep "^(#)?(port|cluster_name)" /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf
#port = 5432                            # (change requires restart)
#cluster_name = ''                      # added to process titles if nonempty
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$


[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ cp /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf.bkp
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ sed -i "s/^#port = 5432.*/port = 5433/" /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ sed -i "s/^#cluster_name = ''.*/cluster_name = 'PGDB_UAT'/" /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ egrep "^(#)?(port|cluster_name)" /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev/postgresql.conf
port = 5433
cluster_name = 'PGDB_UAT'
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

4. Start PostgreSQL Service

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev -l logfile start
waiting for server to start.... done
server started
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

5. Connect to second instance

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ psql -p 5433
psql (17.4)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# SHOW port;
 port
------
 5433  <-----------
(1 row)

postgres=# SHOW cluster_name;
 cluster_name
--------------
 PGDB_UAT  <---------------
(1 row)

postgres=#\q

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ pg_ctl stop -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

6. Create second systemd service

[root@pgdb02 ~]# cp /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# grep -i Environment=PGDATA /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

[root@pgdb02 ~]# sed -i 's|Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4|Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev|' /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service
[root@pgdb02 ~]# grep -i Environment=PGDATA /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17-dev
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl enable postgresql-17-dev
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postgresql-17-dev.service → /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17-dev
● postgresql-17-dev.service - PostgreSQL 17 Database Server
     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17-dev.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sat 2026-06-20 18:25:39 +08; 12s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/
   Main PID: 4106 (postgres)
      Tasks: 6 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 15.2M
        CPU: 62ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17-dev.service
             ├─4106 /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
             ├─4107 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: checkpointer "
             ├─4108 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: background writer "
             ├─4110 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: walwriter "
             ├─4111 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: autovacuum launcher "
             └─4112 "postgres: PGDB_UAT: logical replication launcher "

Jun 20 18:25:39 pgdb02 systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 Database Server...
Jun 20 18:25:39 pgdb02 pg_ctl[4103]: waiting for server to start.... done
Jun 20 18:25:39 pgdb02 pg_ctl[4103]: server started
Jun 20 18:25:39 pgdb02 systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 Database Server.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

7. Verify instances

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
postgres    3711       1  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4
postgres    3712    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: checkpointer
postgres    3713    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: background writer
postgres    3715    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: walwriter
postgres    3716    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: autovacuum launcher
postgres    3717    3711  0 17:03 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_SIT: logical replication launcher
root        3748    3164  0 17:09 pts/0    00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres    3749    3748  0 17:09 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash
postgres    4106       1  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 /pgBin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4/dev
postgres    4107    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: checkpointer
postgres    4108    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: background writer
postgres    4110    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: walwriter
postgres    4111    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: autovacuum launcher
postgres    4112    4106  0 18:25 ?        00:00:00 postgres: PGDB_UAT: logical replication launcher
postgres    4157    3749 99 18:26 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres    4158    3749  0 18:26 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ ss -tulpn | grep 543
tcp   LISTEN 0      200        127.0.0.1:5433       0.0.0.0:*    users:(("postgres",pid=4106,fd=7))
tcp   LISTEN 0      200        127.0.0.1:5432       0.0.0.0:*    users:(("postgres",pid=3711,fd=7))
tcp   LISTEN 0      200            [::1]:5432          [::]:*    users:(("postgres",pid=3711,fd=6))
tcp   LISTEN 0      200            [::1]:5433          [::]:*    users:(("postgres",pid=4106,fd=6))
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Install PostgreSQL 17.4 from Source code

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Install PostgreSQL 17.4 Using Source Code (Linux 9)

0. Environment

1. Set SELINUX to Permissive

2. Install Dependencies

3. Create postgres User

4. Download PostgreSQL Source

5. Extract Source

6. Configure Build

7. Compile Source (make)

8. Install PostgreSQL (make install)

9. Install PostgreSQL Contrib for extensions

10. Set Environment Variables (As Postgres user)

11. Validation 1 (As Postgres user)

12. Initialize Database (As Postgres user)

13. Start Postgres Instance(As Postgres user)

14. Validation (As Postgres user)

15. Create systemctl service for PostgreSQL

0. Environment

Parameter	Value
Host Name	pgdb01
IP	192.168.2.71
OS	Linux 9
PostgreSQL Version	17.4
Data Directory	/pgData/pgsql/17.4
PG WAL	/pgWal/pgsql/17.4
BIN Directory	/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin
Software Staging Directory	/pg_Backup/stage

1. Set SELINUX to Permissive and Restart the server

# Set SELINUX to permissive

[root@pgdb02 ~]# grep ^SELINUX= /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=enforcing
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=permissive/' /etc/selinux/config
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# grep ^SELINUX= /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=permissive
[root@pgdb02 ~]#
[root@pgdb02 ~]# shutdown -Fr now   <---- Restart the server to take effect

2. Install Dependencies

**Note:** For testing purposes, I intentionally did not install the following dependency packages: dnf install -y perl perl-core perl-ExtUtils-MakeMakerWe can see dependency-related error to be reproduced and observed during the installation process.**Caution:** If you do not want to encounter the error described in **Step 7**, install the above packages before proceeding.As part of this exercise, the installation will be cleaned up after the error is encountered, and the installation process will then be repeated with the required dependencies installed to demonstrate a successful installation.

[root@pgdb01 ~]# dnf install -y readline-devel zlib-devel gcc make libicu-devel openssl-devel bison flex wget tar
Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:12 ago on Tue 21 Apr 2026 07:35:12 PM.
Package wget-1.21.1-8.el9_4.x86_64 is already installed.
Package tar-2:1.34-7.el9.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                                 Architecture                          Version                                                 Repository                                        Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 bison                                                   x86_64                                3.7.4-5.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    1.0 M
 flex                                                    x86_64                                2.6.4-9.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    341 k
 gcc                                                     x86_64                                11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                     33 M
 libicu-devel                                            x86_64                                67.1-10.el9_6                                           ol9_appstream                                    1.3 M
 make                                                    x86_64                                1:4.3-8.el9                                             ol9_baseos_latest                                570 k
 openssl-devel                                           x86_64                                1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7                                     ol9_appstream                                    4.2 M
 readline-devel                                          x86_64                                8.1-4.el9                                               ol9_appstream                                    238 k
 zlib-devel                                              x86_64                                1.2.11-40.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                     51 k
Upgrading:
 cpp                                                     x86_64                                11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                     11 M
 glibc                                                   x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                2.0 M
 glibc-all-langpacks                                     x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                 18 M
 glibc-common                                            x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                330 k
 glibc-gconv-extra                                       x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                1.8 M
 glibc-langpack-en                                       x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_baseos_latest                                969 k
 libgcc                                                  x86_64                                11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                       ol9_baseos_latest                                 94 k
 libgomp                                                 x86_64                                11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                       ol9_baseos_latest                                263 k
 libicu                                                  x86_64                                67.1-10.el9_6                                           ol9_baseos_latest                                9.6 M
 openssl                                                 x86_64                                1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7                                     ol9_baseos_latest                                1.6 M
 openssl-fips-provider                                   x86_64                                3.0.7-8.0.1.el9                                         ol9_baseos_latest                                8.3 k
 openssl-fips-provider-so                                x86_64                                3.0.7-8.0.1.el9                                         ol9_baseos_latest                                575 k
 openssl-libs                                            x86_64                                1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7                                     ol9_baseos_latest                                2.3 M
 tar                                                     x86_64                                2:1.34-9.el9_7                                          ol9_baseos_latest                                927 k
Installing dependencies:
 glibc-devel                                             x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_appstream                                     60 k
 glibc-headers                                           x86_64                                2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10                                   ol9_appstream                                    921 k
 kernel-headers                                          x86_64                                5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7                                   ol9_appstream                                    3.6 M
 libxcrypt-devel                                         x86_64                                4.4.18-3.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                     42 k
 m4                                                      x86_64                                1.4.19-1.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    333 k
 ncurses-c++-libs                                        x86_64                                6.2-10.20210508.el9                                     ol9_appstream                                     36 k
 ncurses-devel                                           x86_64                                6.2-10.20210508.el9                                     ol9_appstream                                    684 k

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
Install  15 Packages
Upgrade  14 Packages

Total download size: 95 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/29): make-4.3-8.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                             1.3 MB/s | 570 kB     00:00
(2/29): flex-2.6.4-9.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                           792 kB/s | 341 kB     00:00
(3/29): bison-3.7.4-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                          2.2 MB/s | 1.0 MB     00:00
(4/29): glibc-devel-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                          1.4 MB/s |  60 kB     00:00
(5/29): glibc-headers-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        3.8 MB/s | 921 kB     00:00
(6/29): kernel-headers-5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       3.7 MB/s | 3.6 MB     00:00
(7/29): libicu-devel-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 1.6 MB/s | 1.3 MB     00:00
(8/29): libxcrypt-devel-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               885 kB/s |  42 kB     00:00
(9/29): ncurses-c++-libs-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       255 kB/s |  36 kB     00:00
(10/29): m4-1.4.19-1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                           1.9 MB/s | 333 kB     00:00
(11/29): ncurses-devel-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         2.8 MB/s | 684 kB     00:00
(12/29): readline-devel-8.1-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                  1.5 MB/s | 238 kB     00:00
(13/29): zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                  425 kB/s |  51 kB     00:00
(14/29): glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               3.2 MB/s | 2.0 MB     00:00
(15/29): openssl-devel-3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                           3.5 MB/s | 4.2 MB     00:01
(16/29): glibc-common-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        1.9 MB/s | 330 kB     00:00
(17/29): glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                   3.0 MB/s | 1.8 MB     00:00
(18/29): glibc-langpack-en-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                   2.4 MB/s | 969 kB     00:00
(19/29): libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                  921 kB/s |  94 kB     00:00
(20/29): libgomp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 1.3 MB/s | 263 kB     00:00
(21/29): glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                 5.4 MB/s |  18 MB     00:03
(22/29): openssl-3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 3.2 MB/s | 1.6 MB     00:00
(23/29): openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                     273 kB/s | 8.3 kB     00:00
(24/29): libicu-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                      3.9 MB/s | 9.6 MB     00:02
(25/29): openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                  2.3 MB/s | 575 kB     00:00
(26/29): tar-1.34-9.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                          3.7 MB/s | 927 kB     00:00
(27/29): openssl-libs-3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                            3.6 MB/s | 2.3 MB     00:00
(28/29): cpp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                     5.4 MB/s |  11 MB     00:02
(29/29): gcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                     3.5 MB/s |  33 MB     00:09
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                                                                                                                         9.8 MB/s |  95 MB     00:09
Oracle Linux 9 BaseOS Latest (x86_64)                                                                                                                                         3.9 MB/s | 6.2 kB     00:00
Importing GPG key 0x8D8B756F:
 Userid     : "Oracle Linux (release key 1) <secalert_us@oracle.com>"
 Fingerprint: 3E6D 826D 3FBA B389 C2F3 8E34 BC4D 06A0 8D8B 756F
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle
Key imported successfully
Importing GPG key 0x8B4EFBE6:
 Userid     : "Oracle Linux (backup key 1) <secalert_us@oracle.com>"
 Fingerprint: 9822 3175 9C74 6706 5D0C E9B2 A7DD 0708 8B4E FBE6
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle
Key imported successfully
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                                                                                                                                                      1/1
  Upgrading        : glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                    1/43
  Upgrading        : glibc-common-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                           2/43
  Upgrading        : glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                      3/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                      3/43
  Upgrading        : glibc-langpack-en-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                      4/43
  Upgrading        : libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     5/43
  Running scriptlet: libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     5/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  6/43
  Upgrading        : glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  6/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  6/43
  Installing       : m4-1.4.19-1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                              7/43
  Installing       : make-1:4.3-8.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                             8/43
  Installing       : glibc-headers-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                          9/43
  Installing       : ncurses-c++-libs-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        10/43
  Installing       : ncurses-devel-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                           11/43
  Upgrading        : libgomp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   12/43
  Upgrading        : libicu-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        13/43
  Upgrading        : openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                    14/43
  Upgrading        : openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                       15/43
  Upgrading        : openssl-libs-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                            16/43
  Upgrading        : cpp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                       17/43
  Installing       : kernel-headers-5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                        18/43
  Installing       : libxcrypt-devel-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                19/43
  Installing       : glibc-devel-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                           20/43
  Installing       : gcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                       21/43
  Installing       : openssl-devel-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                           22/43
  Upgrading        : openssl-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 23/43
  Installing       : libicu-devel-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                  24/43
  Installing       : readline-devel-8.1-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    25/43
  Installing       : bison-3.7.4-5.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                           26/43
  Installing       : flex-2.6.4-9.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            27/43
  Upgrading        : tar-2:1.34-9.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                          28/43
  Installing       : zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    29/43
  Cleanup          : openssl-1:3.2.2-6.0.1.el9_5.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                               30/43
  Cleanup          : libicu-67.1-9.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                           31/43
  Cleanup          : openssl-libs-1:3.2.2-6.0.1.el9_5.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                          32/43
  Cleanup          : cpp-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        33/43
  Cleanup          : tar-2:1.34-7.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            34/43
  Cleanup          : libgomp-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    35/43
  Cleanup          : openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-6.0.1.el9_5.x86_64                                                                                                                                     36/43
  Cleanup          : openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-6.0.1.el9_5.x86_64                                                                                                                                  37/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        38/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          39/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          39/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-common-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               40/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-langpack-en-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          41/43
  Cleanup          : glibc-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                      42/43
  Cleanup          : libgcc-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     43/43
  Running scriptlet: libgcc-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     43/43
  Running scriptlet: glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                   43/43
  Running scriptlet: libgcc-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     43/43
  Verifying        : make-1:4.3-8.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                             1/43
  Verifying        : bison-3.7.4-5.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            2/43
  Verifying        : flex-2.6.4-9.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                             3/43
  Verifying        : gcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        4/43
  Verifying        : glibc-devel-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                            5/43
  Verifying        : glibc-headers-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                          6/43
  Verifying        : kernel-headers-5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                         7/43
  Verifying        : libicu-devel-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   8/43
  Verifying        : libxcrypt-devel-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 9/43
  Verifying        : m4-1.4.19-1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                             10/43
  Verifying        : ncurses-c++-libs-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        11/43
  Verifying        : ncurses-devel-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                           12/43
  Verifying        : openssl-devel-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                           13/43
  Verifying        : readline-devel-8.1-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    14/43
  Verifying        : zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    15/43
  Verifying        : glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 16/43
  Verifying        : glibc-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                      17/43
  Verifying        : glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                   18/43
  Verifying        : glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        19/43
  Verifying        : glibc-common-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                          20/43
  Verifying        : glibc-common-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               21/43
  Verifying        : glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                     22/43
  Verifying        : glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          23/43
  Verifying        : glibc-langpack-en-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                                                                                                                                     24/43
  Verifying        : glibc-langpack-en-2.34-168.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          25/43
  Verifying        : libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    26/43
  Verifying        : libgcc-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                     27/43
  Verifying        : libgomp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   28/43
  Verifying        : libgomp-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    29/43
  Verifying        : libicu-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        30/43
  Verifying        : libicu-67.1-9.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                           31/43
  Verifying        : openssl-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 32/43
  Verifying        : openssl-1:3.2.2-6.0.1.el9_5.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                               33/43
  Verifying        : openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                       34/43
  Verifying        : openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-6.0.1.el9_5.x86_64                                                                                                                                     35/43
  Verifying        : openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                    36/43
  Verifying        : openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-6.0.1.el9_5.x86_64                                                                                                                                  37/43
  Verifying        : openssl-libs-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                            38/43
  Verifying        : openssl-libs-1:3.2.2-6.0.1.el9_5.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                          39/43
  Verifying        : tar-2:1.34-9.el9_7.x86_64                                                                                                                                                          40/43
  Verifying        : tar-2:1.34-7.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                            41/43
  Verifying        : cpp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                       42/43
  Verifying        : cpp-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                        43/43

Upgraded:
  cpp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                      glibc-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64                glibc-all-langpacks-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64    glibc-common-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64
  glibc-gconv-extra-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64    glibc-langpack-en-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64    libgcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                     libgomp-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64
  libicu-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                       openssl-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64                openssl-fips-provider-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64        openssl-fips-provider-so-3.0.7-8.0.1.el9.x86_64
  openssl-libs-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64           tar-2:1.34-9.el9_7.x86_64
Installed:
  bison-3.7.4-5.el9.x86_64                           flex-2.6.4-9.el9.x86_64                             gcc-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                        glibc-devel-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64
  glibc-headers-2.34-231.0.1.el9_7.10.x86_64         kernel-headers-5.14.0-611.47.1.el9_7.x86_64         libicu-devel-67.1-10.el9_6.x86_64                   libxcrypt-devel-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64
  m4-1.4.19-1.el9.x86_64                             make-1:4.3-8.el9.x86_64                             ncurses-c++-libs-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64         ncurses-devel-6.2-10.20210508.el9.x86_64
  openssl-devel-1:3.5.1-7.0.1.el9_7.x86_64           readline-devel-8.1-4.el9.x86_64                     zlib-devel-1.2.11-40.el9.x86_64

Complete!
[root@pgdb01 ~]#

3. Create postgres User

[root@pgdb01 ~]# useradd postgres
[root@pgdb01 ~]# passwd postgres
Changing password for user postgres.
New password:
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@pgdb01 ~]#

4. Download PostgreSQL Source

[root@pgdb01 ~]# mkdir -p /pg_Backup/stage

[root@pgdb01 ~]# cd /pg_Backup/stage
[root@pgdb01 stage]# wget https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v17.4/postgresql-17.4.tar.gz
--2026-04-21 20:22:48--  https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v17.4/postgresql-17.4.tar.gz
Resolving ftp.postgresql.org (ftp.postgresql.org)... 151.101.211.52, 2a04:4e42:31::820
Connecting to ftp.postgresql.org (ftp.postgresql.org)|151.101.211.52|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 28056622 (27M) [application/gzip]
Saving to: ‘postgresql-17.4.tar.gz’

postgresql-17.4.tar.gz                              100%[=================================================================================================================>]  26.76M  10.2MB/s    in 2.6s

2026-04-21 20:22:51 (10.2 MB/s) - ‘postgresql-17.4.tar.gz’ saved [28056622/28056622]

[root@pgdb01 stage]#

5. Extract Source

[root@pgdb01 stage]# tar -xvf postgresql-17.4.tar.gz
postgresql-17.4/
postgresql-17.4/.cirrus.star
postgresql-17.4/.cirrus.tasks.yml
..
..
postgresql-17.4/src/tutorial/funcs.source
postgresql-17.4/src/tutorial/syscat.source
[root@pgdb01 stage]#
[root@pgdb01 stage]# ls -ltr
total 27404
drwxrwxr-x. 6 root root     4096 Feb 18  2025 postgresql-17.4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 28056622 Feb 18  2025 postgresql-17.4.tar.gz
[root@pgdb01 stage]# cd postgresql-17.4
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# pwd
/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

6. Configure Build

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# ls -ltr /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/configure
-rwxrwxr-x. 1 root root 580836 Feb 18  2025 /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/configure
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

Configure do only:

-- checks system dependencies
-- prepares Makefiles
-- stores your install path (/pgbin/pgsql/17.4) internally, it won't create bin directory.
-- It does NOT install anything yet


[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# ./configure --prefix=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4 --with-pgport=5432
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking which template to use... linux
checking whether NLS is wanted... no
checking for default port number... 5432
checking for block size... 8kB
checking for segment size... 1GB
checking for WAL block size... 8kB
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C99... none needed
checking for g++... no
checking for c++... no
checking whether we are using the GNU C++ compiler... no
checking whether g++ accepts -g... no
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether gcc supports -Wdeclaration-after-statement, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Werror=vla, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Werror=unguarded-availability-new, for CFLAGS... no
checking whether g++ supports -Werror=unguarded-availability-new, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wendif-labels, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wendif-labels, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wmissing-format-attribute, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wmissing-format-attribute, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wcast-function-type, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wcast-function-type, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wshadow=compatible-local, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wshadow=compatible-local, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wformat-security, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -Wformat-security, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -fno-strict-aliasing, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -fno-strict-aliasing, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -fwrapv, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -fwrapv, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -fexcess-precision=standard, for CFLAGS... yes
checking whether g++ supports -fexcess-precision=standard, for CXXFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -funroll-loops, for CFLAGS_UNROLL_LOOPS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -ftree-vectorize, for CFLAGS_VECTORIZE... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wunused-command-line-argument, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wcompound-token-split-by-macro, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wformat-truncation, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wstringop-truncation, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wcast-function-type-strict, for NOT_THE_CFLAGS... no
checking whether gcc supports -fvisibility=hidden, for CFLAGS_SL_MODULE... yes
checking whether g++ supports -fvisibility=hidden, for CXXFLAGS_SL_MODULE... no
checking whether g++ supports -fvisibility-inlines-hidden, for CXXFLAGS_SL_MODULE... no
checking whether the C compiler still works... yes
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for pkg-config... /usr/bin/pkg-config
checking pkg-config is at least version 0.9.0... yes
checking whether to build with ICU support... yes
checking for icu-uc icu-i18n... yes
checking whether to build with Tcl... no
checking whether to build Perl modules... no
checking whether to build Python modules... no
checking whether to build with GSSAPI support... no
checking whether to build with PAM support... no
checking whether to build with BSD Authentication support... no
checking whether to build with LDAP support... no
checking whether to build with Bonjour support... no
checking whether to build with SELinux support... no
checking whether to build with systemd support... no
checking whether to build with XML support... no
checking whether to build with LZ4 support... no
checking whether to build with ZSTD support... no
checking for strip... strip
checking whether it is possible to strip libraries... yes
checking for ar... ar
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking for tar... /usr/bin/tar
checking whether ln -s works... yes
checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
checking for bison... /usr/bin/bison
configure: using bison (GNU Bison) 3.7.4
checking for flex... /usr/bin/flex
configure: using flex 2.6.4
checking for perl... /usr/bin/perl
configure: using perl 5.32.1
checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /usr/bin/sed
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking whether gcc is Clang... no
checking whether pthreads work with -pthread... yes
checking for joinable pthread attribute... PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE
checking whether more special flags are required for pthreads... no
checking for PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT... yes
checking pthread.h usability... yes
checking pthread.h presence... yes
checking for pthread.h... yes
checking for strerror_r... yes
checking whether strerror_r returns int... no
checking for main in -lm... yes
checking for library containing setproctitle... no
checking for library containing dlsym... none required
checking for library containing socket... none required
checking for library containing getopt_long... none required
checking for library containing shm_open... none required
checking for library containing shm_unlink... none required
checking for library containing clock_gettime... none required
checking for library containing shmget... none required
checking for library containing backtrace_symbols... none required
checking for library containing pthread_barrier_wait... none required
checking for library containing readline... -lreadline
checking for inflate in -lz... yes
checking atomic.h usability... no
checking atomic.h presence... no
checking for atomic.h... no
checking copyfile.h usability... no
checking copyfile.h presence... no
checking for copyfile.h... no
checking execinfo.h usability... yes
checking execinfo.h presence... yes
checking for execinfo.h... yes
checking getopt.h usability... yes
checking getopt.h presence... yes
checking for getopt.h... yes
checking ifaddrs.h usability... yes
checking ifaddrs.h presence... yes
checking for ifaddrs.h... yes
checking langinfo.h usability... yes
checking langinfo.h presence... yes
checking for langinfo.h... yes
checking mbarrier.h usability... no
checking mbarrier.h presence... no
checking for mbarrier.h... no
checking sys/epoll.h usability... yes
checking sys/epoll.h presence... yes
checking for sys/epoll.h... yes
checking sys/event.h usability... no
checking sys/event.h presence... no
checking for sys/event.h... no
checking sys/personality.h usability... yes
checking sys/personality.h presence... yes
checking for sys/personality.h... yes
checking sys/prctl.h usability... yes
checking sys/prctl.h presence... yes
checking for sys/prctl.h... yes
checking sys/procctl.h usability... no
checking sys/procctl.h presence... no
checking for sys/procctl.h... no
checking sys/signalfd.h usability... yes
checking sys/signalfd.h presence... yes
checking for sys/signalfd.h... yes
checking sys/ucred.h usability... no
checking sys/ucred.h presence... no
checking for sys/ucred.h... no
checking termios.h usability... yes
checking termios.h presence... yes
checking for termios.h... yes
checking ucred.h usability... no
checking ucred.h presence... no
checking for ucred.h... no
checking readline/readline.h usability... yes
checking readline/readline.h presence... yes
checking for readline/readline.h... yes
checking readline/history.h usability... yes
checking readline/history.h presence... yes
checking for readline/history.h... yes
checking zlib.h usability... yes
checking zlib.h presence... yes
checking for zlib.h... yes
checking for lz4... no
checking for zstd... no
checking for openssl... /usr/bin/openssl
configure: using openssl: OpenSSL 3.5.1 1 Jul 2025 (Library: OpenSSL 3.5.1 1 Jul 2025)
checking whether byte ordering is bigendian... no
checking for inline... inline
checking for printf format archetype... gnu_printf
checking for _Static_assert... yes
checking for typeof... typeof
checking for __builtin_types_compatible_p... yes
checking for __builtin_constant_p... yes
checking for __builtin_unreachable... yes
checking for computed goto support... yes
checking for struct tm.tm_zone... yes
checking for union semun... no
checking for socklen_t... yes
checking for struct sockaddr.sa_len... no
checking for locale_t... yes
checking for C/C++ restrict keyword... __restrict
checking for struct option... yes
checking whether assembler supports x86_64 popcntq... yes
checking for special C compiler options needed for large files... no
checking for _FILE_OFFSET_BITS value needed for large files... no
checking size of off_t... 8
checking size of bool... 1
checking for int timezone... yes
checking for wcstombs_l declaration... no
checking for backtrace_symbols... yes
checking for copyfile... no
checking for copy_file_range... yes
checking for getifaddrs... yes
checking for getpeerucred... no
checking for inet_pton... yes
checking for kqueue... no
checking for mbstowcs_l... no
checking for memset_s... no
checking for posix_fallocate... yes
checking for ppoll... yes
checking for pthread_is_threaded_np... no
checking for setproctitle... no
checking for setproctitle_fast... no
checking for strchrnul... yes
checking for strsignal... yes
checking for syncfs... yes
checking for sync_file_range... yes
checking for uselocale... yes
checking for wcstombs_l... no
checking for __builtin_bswap16... yes
checking for __builtin_bswap32... yes
checking for __builtin_bswap64... yes
checking for __builtin_clz... yes
checking for __builtin_ctz... yes
checking for __builtin_popcount... yes
checking for __builtin_frame_address... yes
checking for _LARGEFILE_SOURCE value needed for large files... no
checking how gcc reports undeclared, standard C functions... error
checking for posix_fadvise... yes
checking whether posix_fadvise is declared... yes
checking whether fdatasync is declared... yes
checking whether strlcat is declared... no
checking whether strlcpy is declared... no
checking whether strnlen is declared... yes
checking whether preadv is declared... yes
checking whether pwritev is declared... yes
checking whether F_FULLFSYNC is declared... no
checking for explicit_bzero... yes
checking for getopt... yes
checking for getpeereid... no
checking for inet_aton... yes
checking for mkdtemp... yes
checking for strlcat... no
checking for strlcpy... no
checking for strnlen... yes
checking for pthread_barrier_wait... yes
checking for getopt_long... yes
checking for syslog... yes
checking syslog.h usability... yes
checking syslog.h presence... yes
checking for syslog.h... yes
checking for opterr... yes
checking for optreset... no
checking unicode/ucol.h usability... yes
checking unicode/ucol.h presence... yes
checking for unicode/ucol.h... yes
checking for rl_completion_suppress_quote... yes
checking for rl_filename_quote_characters... yes
checking for rl_filename_quoting_function... yes
checking for append_history... yes
checking for history_truncate_file... yes
checking for rl_completion_matches... yes
checking for rl_filename_completion_function... yes
checking for rl_reset_screen_size... yes
checking for rl_variable_bind... yes
checking test program... ok
checking whether long int is 64 bits... yes
checking for __builtin_mul_overflow... yes
checking size of void *... 8
checking size of size_t... 8
checking size of long... 8
checking alignment of short... 2
checking alignment of int... 4
checking alignment of long... 8
checking alignment of double... 8
checking for int8... no
checking for uint8... no
checking for int64... no
checking for uint64... no
checking for __int128... yes
checking for __int128 alignment bug... ok
checking alignment of PG_INT128_TYPE... 16
checking for builtin __sync char locking functions... yes
checking for builtin __sync int32 locking functions... yes
checking for builtin __sync int32 atomic operations... yes
checking for builtin __sync int64 atomic operations... yes
checking for builtin __atomic int32 atomic operations... yes
checking for builtin __atomic int64 atomic operations... yes
checking for __get_cpuid... yes
checking for __get_cpuid_count... yes
checking for __cpuid... no
checking for __cpuidex... no
checking for _xgetbv with CFLAGS=... no
checking for _xgetbv with CFLAGS=-mxsave... yes
checking for _mm512_popcnt_epi64 with CFLAGS=... no
checking for _mm512_popcnt_epi64 with CFLAGS=-mavx512vpopcntdq -mavx512bw... yes
checking for _mm_crc32_u8 and _mm_crc32_u32 with CFLAGS=... yes
checking for __crc32cb, __crc32ch, __crc32cw, and __crc32cd with CFLAGS=... no
checking for __crc32cb, __crc32ch, __crc32cw, and __crc32cd with CFLAGS=-march=armv8-a+crc+simd... no
checking for __crc32cb, __crc32ch, __crc32cw, and __crc32cd with CFLAGS=-march=armv8-a+crc... no
checking for __builtin_loongarch_crcc_w_b_w, __builtin_loongarch_crcc_w_h_w, __builtin_loongarch_crcc_w_w_w and __builtin_loongarch_crcc_w_d_w... no
checking which CRC-32C implementation to use... SSE 4.2
checking for library containing sem_init... none required
checking which semaphore API to use... unnamed POSIX
checking which random number source to use... /dev/urandom
checking for /dev/urandom... yes
checking for xmllint... /usr/bin/xmllint
checking for xsltproc... /usr/bin/xsltproc
checking for fop... no
checking for dbtoepub... no
checking whether gcc supports -Wl,--as-needed, for LDFLAGS... yes
checking whether gcc supports -Wl,--export-dynamic, for LDFLAGS_EX_BE... yes
configure: using compiler=gcc (GCC) 11.5.0 20240719 (Red Hat 11.5.0-11.0.2)
configure: using CFLAGS=-Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror=vla -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wcast-function-type -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -O2
configure: using CPPFLAGS= -D_GNU_SOURCE
configure: using LDFLAGS=  -Wl,--as-needed
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating GNUmakefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile.global
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config.h
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config_ext.h
config.status: creating src/interfaces/ecpg/include/ecpg_config.h
config.status: linking src/backend/port/tas/dummy.s to src/backend/port/tas.s
config.status: linking src/backend/port/posix_sema.c to src/backend/port/pg_sema.c
config.status: linking src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c to src/backend/port/pg_shmem.c
config.status: linking src/include/port/linux.h to src/include/pg_config_os.h
config.status: linking src/makefiles/Makefile.linux to src/Makefile.port
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

7. Compile Source

A Makefile is a special text configuration file used by the make build automation tool to automatically compile and link C programs. Instead of manually typing long gcc compilation commands every time you modify your code, a Makefile lets you build your entire project by simply typing make into your terminal.

make compiles source code into executable binary files, while make install copies those compiled files into your system directories so the program can be run from anywhere.

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# which make
/usr/bin/make
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# ls -ltr Makefile
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 1822 Feb 18  2025 Makefile
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# make
make -C ./src/backend generated-headers
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/backend'
make -C ../include/catalog generated-headers
make[2]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/include/catalog'
'/usr/bin/perl' ../../../src/backend/catalog/genbki.pl --include-path=../../../src/include/ \
        --set-version=17 ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_proc.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_type.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_attribute.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_class.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_attrdef.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_constraint.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_inherits.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_index.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_operator.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_opfamily.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_opclass.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_am.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_amop.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_amproc.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_language.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_largeobject_metadata.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_largeobject.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_aggregate.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_statistic.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_statistic_ext.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_statistic_ext_data.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_rewrite.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_trigger.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_event_trigger.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_description.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_cast.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_enum.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_namespace.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_conversion.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_depend.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_database.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_db_role_setting.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_tablespace.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_authid.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_auth_members.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_shdepend.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_shdescription.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_config.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_config_map.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_dict.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_parser.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_ts_template.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_extension.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_foreign_data_wrapper.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_foreign_server.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_user_mapping.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_foreign_table.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_policy.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_replication_origin.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_default_acl.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_init_privs.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_seclabel.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_shseclabel.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_collation.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_parameter_acl.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_partitioned_table.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_range.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_transform.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_sequence.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_publication.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_publication_namespace.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_publication_rel.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_subscription.h ../../../src/include/catalog/pg_subscription_rel.h
Can't locate FindBin.pm in @INC (you may need to install the FindBin module) (@INC contains: /usr/local/lib64/perl5/5.32 /usr/local/share/perl5/5.32 /usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl /usr/lib64/perl5 /usr/share/perl5) at ../../../src/backend/catalog/genbki.pl line 20.
BEGIN failed--compilation aborted at ../../../src/backend/catalog/genbki.pl line 20.
make[2]: *** [Makefile:141: bki-stamp] Error 2
make[2]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/include/catalog'
make[1]: *** [Makefile:121: submake-catalog-headers] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/backend'
make: *** [src/Makefile.global:384: submake-generated-headers] Error 2
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

`* The FindBin module is a core Perl library used to locate the absolute directory path of the currently executing script. It is primarily used in conjunction with the lib module to dynamically load local, relative modules without hardcoding paths. **`

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# dnf install -y perl perl-core perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker
Last metadata expiration check: 1:17:45 ago on Tue 21 Apr 2026 07:35:12 PM.
Dependencies resolved.
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                                    Architecture                         Version                                                Repository                                       Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 perl                                                       x86_64                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker                                    noarch                               2:7.60-3.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   352 k
Upgrading:
 libstdc++                                                  x86_64                               11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                      ol9_baseos_latest                               757 k
 perl-Errno                                                 x86_64                               1.30-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-interpreter                                           x86_64                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                    76 k
 perl-libs                                                  x86_64                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                   2.7 M
Installing dependencies:
 annobin                                                    x86_64                               12.92-1.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                   1.1 M
 dwz                                                        x86_64                               0.16-1.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   139 k
 efi-srpm-macros                                            noarch                               6-4.0.1.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    26 k
 fonts-srpm-macros                                          noarch                               1:2.0.5-7.el9.1                                        ol9_appstream                                    32 k
 gcc-c++                                                    x86_64                               11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                      ol9_appstream                                    13 M
 gcc-plugin-annobin                                         x86_64                               11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                      ol9_appstream                                    38 k
 ghc-srpm-macros                                            noarch                               1.5.0-6.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                   8.7 k
 go-srpm-macros                                             noarch                               3.6.0-14.el9_7                                         ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 kernel-srpm-macros                                         noarch                               1.0-14.0.1.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 libstdc++-devel                                            x86_64                               11.5.0-11.0.2.el9                                      ol9_appstream                                   3.1 M
 lua-srpm-macros                                            noarch                               1-6.el9                                                ol9_appstream                                   9.4 k
 ocaml-srpm-macros                                          noarch                               6-6.el9                                                ol9_appstream                                   8.7 k
 openblas-srpm-macros                                       noarch                               2-11.el9                                               ol9_appstream                                   8.3 k
 perl-Algorithm-Diff                                        noarch                               1.2010-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    58 k
 perl-Archive-Tar                                           noarch                               2.38-6.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    85 k
 perl-Archive-Zip                                           noarch                               1.68-6.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   144 k
 perl-Attribute-Handlers                                    noarch                               1.01-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    26 k
 perl-AutoSplit                                             noarch                               5.74-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 perl-Benchmark                                             noarch                               1.23-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    25 k
 perl-CPAN                                                  noarch                               2.29-5.el9_6                                           ol9_appstream                                   630 k
 perl-CPAN-Meta                                             noarch                               2.150010-460.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                   292 k
 perl-CPAN-Meta-Requirements                                noarch                               2.140-461.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    38 k
 perl-CPAN-Meta-YAML                                        noarch                               0.018-461.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-Compress-Bzip2                                        x86_64                               2.28-5.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    78 k
 perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2                                    x86_64                               2.101-5.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    40 k
 perl-Compress-Raw-Lzma                                     x86_64                               2.101-3.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    57 k
 perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib                                     x86_64                               2.101-5.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    66 k
 perl-Config-Extensions                                     noarch                               0.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-Config-Perl-V                                         noarch                               0.33-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-DBM_Filter                                            noarch                               0.06-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    43 k
 perl-DB_File                                               x86_64                               1.855-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    87 k
 perl-Data-OptList                                          noarch                               0.110-17.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    36 k
 perl-Data-Section                                          noarch                               0.200007-14.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                    30 k
 perl-Devel-PPPort                                          x86_64                               3.62-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   220 k
 perl-Devel-Peek                                            x86_64                               1.28-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    30 k
 perl-Devel-SelfStubber                                     noarch                               1.06-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-Devel-Size                                            x86_64                               0.83-10.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    32 k
 perl-Digest-SHA                                            x86_64                               1:6.02-461.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    70 k
 perl-Digest-SHA1                                           x86_64                               2.13-34.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    60 k
 perl-DirHandle                                             noarch                               1.05-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-Dumpvalue                                             noarch                               2.27-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    17 k
 perl-Encode-devel                                          x86_64                               4:3.08-462.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    51 k
 perl-English                                               noarch                               1.11-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-Env                                                   noarch                               1.04-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    25 k
 perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder                                     noarch                               1:0.280236-4.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                    69 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Command                                      noarch                               2:7.60-3.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Constant                                     noarch                               0.25-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    55 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Embed                                        noarch                               1.35-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Install                                      noarch                               2.20-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    53 k
 perl-ExtUtils-MM-Utils                                     noarch                               2:7.60-3.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Manifest                                     noarch                               1:1.73-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    40 k
 perl-ExtUtils-Miniperl                                     noarch                               1.09-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    14 k
 perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS                                      noarch                               1:3.40-460.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                   212 k
 perl-File-Compare                                          noarch                               1.100.600-481.1.el9_6                                  ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-File-Copy                                             noarch                               2.34-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    19 k
 perl-File-DosGlob                                          x86_64                               1.12-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    18 k
 perl-File-Fetch                                            noarch                               1.00-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-File-HomeDir                                          noarch                               1.006-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    81 k
 perl-File-Which                                            noarch                               1.23-10.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    22 k
 perl-FileCache                                             noarch                               1.10-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-Filter                                                x86_64                               2:1.60-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   121 k
 perl-Filter-Simple                                         noarch                               0.96-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-FindBin                                               noarch                               1.51-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-GDBM_File                                             x86_64                               1.18-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    21 k
 perl-Hash-Util                                             x86_64                               0.23-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    33 k
 perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash                                   x86_64                               1.20-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    36 k
 perl-I18N-Collate                                          noarch                               1.02-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-I18N-LangTags                                         noarch                               0.44-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    59 k
 perl-I18N-Langinfo                                         x86_64                               0.19-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    21 k
 perl-IO-Compress                                           noarch                               2.102-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                   321 k
 perl-IO-Compress-Lzma                                      noarch                               2.101-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                   101 k
 perl-IO-Zlib                                               noarch                               1:1.11-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 perl-IPC-Cmd                                               noarch                               2:1.04-461.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    40 k
 perl-IPC-SysV                                              x86_64                               2.09-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    55 k
 perl-IPC-System-Simple                                     noarch                               1.30-6.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    46 k
 perl-Importer                                              noarch                               0.026-4.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    45 k
 perl-JSON-PP                                               noarch                               1:4.06-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    74 k
 perl-Locale-Maketext                                       noarch                               1.29-461.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   108 k
 perl-Locale-Maketext-Simple                                noarch                               1:0.21-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 perl-MIME-Charset                                          noarch                               1.012.2-15.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    60 k
 perl-MRO-Compat                                            noarch                               0.13-15.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    27 k
 perl-Math-BigInt-FastCalc                                  x86_64                               0.500.900-460.el9                                      ol9_appstream                                    35 k
 perl-Math-BigRat                                           noarch                               0.2614-460.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    46 k
 perl-Memoize                                               noarch                               1.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    72 k
 perl-Module-Build                                          noarch                               2:0.42.31-9.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                   305 k
 perl-Module-CoreList                                       noarch                               1:5.20240609-1.el9                                     ol9_appstream                                    95 k
 perl-Module-CoreList-tools                                 noarch                               1:5.20240609-1.el9                                     ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 perl-Module-Load                                           noarch                               1:0.36-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    18 k
 perl-Module-Load-Conditional                               noarch                               0.74-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    23 k
 perl-Module-Loaded                                         noarch                               1:0.08-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-Module-Metadata                                       noarch                               1.000037-460.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                    42 k
 perl-Module-Signature                                      noarch                               0.88-1.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    95 k
 perl-NEXT                                                  noarch                               0.67-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    19 k
 perl-Net                                                   noarch                               1.02-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    33 k
 perl-Net-Ping                                              noarch                               2.74-5.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    55 k
 perl-ODBM_File                                             x86_64                               1.16-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    21 k
 perl-Object-HashBase                                       noarch                               0.009-7.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-Opcode                                                x86_64                               1.48-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    40 k
 perl-Package-Generator                                     noarch                               1.106-23.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-Params-Check                                          noarch                               1:0.38-461.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    23 k
 perl-Params-Util                                           x86_64                               1.102-5.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    41 k
 perl-Perl-OSType                                           noarch                               1.010-461.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    29 k
 perl-PerlIO-via-QuotedPrint                                noarch                               0.09-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    29 k
 perl-Pod-Checker                                           noarch                               4:1.74-4.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    38 k
 perl-Pod-Functions                                         noarch                               1.13-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-Pod-Html                                              noarch                               1.25-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-Safe                                                  noarch                               2.41-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    23 k
 perl-Search-Dict                                           noarch                               1.07-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-SelfLoader                                            noarch                               1.26-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 perl-Software-License                                      noarch                               0.103014-12.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                   196 k
 perl-Sub-Exporter                                          noarch                               0.987-27.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   103 k
 perl-Sub-Install                                           noarch                               0.928-28.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-Sys-Hostname                                          x86_64                               1.23-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-Sys-Syslog                                            x86_64                               0.36-461.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    54 k
 perl-Term-Complete                                         noarch                               1.403-481.1.el9_6                                      ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-Term-ReadLine                                         noarch                               1.17-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    17 k
 perl-Term-Size-Perl                                        x86_64                               0.031-12.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-Term-Table                                            noarch                               0.015-8.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    50 k
 perl-Test                                                  noarch                               1.31-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    27 k
 perl-Test-Harness                                          noarch                               1:3.42-461.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                   387 k
 perl-Test-Simple                                           noarch                               3:1.302183-4.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                   949 k
 perl-Text-Abbrev                                           noarch                               1.02-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-Text-Balanced                                         noarch                               2.04-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    53 k
 perl-Text-Diff                                             noarch                               1.45-13.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    50 k
 perl-Text-Glob                                             noarch                               0.11-15.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    14 k
 perl-Text-Template                                         noarch                               1.59-5.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    66 k
 perl-Thread                                                noarch                               3.05-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 perl-Thread-Queue                                          noarch                               3.14-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    28 k
 perl-Thread-Semaphore                                      noarch                               2.13-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    14 k
 perl-Tie                                                   noarch                               4.6-481.1.el9_6                                        ol9_appstream                                    41 k
 perl-Tie-File                                              noarch                               1.06-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    42 k
 perl-Tie-Memoize                                           noarch                               1.1-481.1.el9_6                                        ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-Tie-RefHash                                           noarch                               1.40-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    29 k
 perl-Time                                                  noarch                               1.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    24 k
 perl-Time-HiRes                                            x86_64                               4:1.9764-462.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                    64 k
 perl-Time-Piece                                            x86_64                               1.3401-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    45 k
 perl-Unicode-Collate                                       x86_64                               1.29-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   849 k
 perl-Unicode-Normalize                                     x86_64                               1.27-461.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    96 k
 perl-Unicode-UCD                                           noarch                               0.75-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    77 k
 perl-User-pwent                                            noarch                               1.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    24 k
 perl-autodie                                               noarch                               2.34-4.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                   117 k
 perl-autouse                                               noarch                               1.11-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-bignum                                                noarch                               0.51-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    56 k
 perl-blib                                                  noarch                               1.07-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    11 k
 perl-debugger                                              noarch                               1.56-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                   139 k
 perl-deprecate                                             noarch                               0.04-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-devel                                                 x86_64                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                   748 k
 perl-diagnostics                                           noarch                               1.37-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                   216 k
 perl-doc                                                   noarch                               5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                   4.9 M
 perl-encoding                                              x86_64                               4:3.00-462.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    68 k
 perl-encoding-warnings                                     noarch                               0.13-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-experimental                                          noarch                               0.022-6.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    27 k
 perl-fields                                                noarch                               2.27-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-filetest                                              noarch                               1.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-inc-latest                                            noarch                               2:0.500-20.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    31 k
 perl-less                                                  noarch                               0.03-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-lib                                                   x86_64                               0.65-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 perl-libnetcfg                                             noarch                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-local-lib                                             noarch                               2.000024-13.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                    76 k
 perl-macros                                                noarch                               4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                   ol9_appstream                                   9.2 k
 perl-meta-notation                                         noarch                               5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                   8.2 k
 perl-open                                                  noarch                               1.12-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-perlfaq                                               noarch                               5.20210520-1.el9                                       ol9_appstream                                   399 k
 perl-ph                                                    x86_64                               5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    67 k
 perl-sigtrap                                               noarch                               1.09-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    14 k
 perl-sort                                                  noarch                               2.04-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    12 k
 perl-srpm-macros                                           noarch                               1-41.el9                                               ol9_appstream                                   9.1 k
 perl-threads                                               x86_64                               1:2.25-460.el9                                         ol9_appstream                                    65 k
 perl-threads-shared                                        x86_64                               1.61-460.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    50 k
 perl-utils                                                 noarch                               5.32.1-481.1.el9_6                                     ol9_appstream                                    64 k
 perl-version                                               x86_64                               7:0.99.28-4.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                    74 k
 perl-vmsish                                                noarch                               1.04-481.1.el9_6                                       ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 pyproject-srpm-macros                                      noarch                               1.16.2-1.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    13 k
 python-srpm-macros                                         noarch                               3.9-54.el9                                             ol9_appstream                                    16 k
 qt5-srpm-macros                                            noarch                               5.15.9-1.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                   7.7 k
 redhat-rpm-config                                          noarch                               210-1.0.1.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                   101 k
 rust-srpm-macros                                           noarch                               17-4.el9                                               ol9_appstream                                    10 k
 sombok                                                     x86_64                               2.4.0-16.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    55 k
 systemtap-sdt-devel                                        x86_64                               5.3-3.0.1.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    76 k
 systemtap-sdt-dtrace                                       x86_64                               5.3-3.0.1.el9                                          ol9_appstream                                    75 k
Installing weak dependencies:
 perl-CPAN-DistnameInfo                                     noarch                               0.12-23.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    15 k
 perl-Encode-Locale                                         noarch                               1.05-21.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    20 k
 perl-Term-Size-Any                                         noarch                               0.002-35.el9                                           ol9_appstream                                    19 k
 perl-TermReadKey                                           x86_64                               2.38-11.el9                                            ol9_appstream                                    42 k
 perl-Unicode-LineBreak                                     x86_64                               2019.001-11.el9                                        ol9_appstream                                   144 k

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================
Install  187 Packages
Upgrade    4 Packages

Total download size: 38 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/191): annobin-12.92-1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                      2.9 MB/s | 1.1 MB     00:00
(2/191): fonts-srpm-macros-2.0.5-7.el9.1.noarch.rpm                                          849 kB/s |  32 kB     00:00
(3/191): efi-srpm-macros-6-4.0.1.el9.noarch.rpm                                               21 kB/s |  26 kB     00:01
(4/191): gcc-plugin-annobin-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                     535 kB/s |  38 kB     00:00
(5/191): ghc-srpm-macros-1.5.0-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                              149 kB/s | 8.7 kB     00:00
(6/191): go-srpm-macros-3.6.0-14.el9_7.noarch.rpm                                            332 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(7/191): gcc-c++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                9.7 MB/s |  13 MB     00:01
(8/191): libstdc++-devel-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                        9.0 MB/s | 3.1 MB     00:00
(9/191): lua-srpm-macros-1-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                  268 kB/s | 9.4 kB     00:00
(10/191): kernel-srpm-macros-1.0-14.0.1.el9.noarch.rpm                                        10 kB/s |  20 kB     00:01
(11/191): ocaml-srpm-macros-6-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                               4.7 kB/s | 8.7 kB     00:01
(12/191): perl-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                 316 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(13/191): perl-Algorithm-Diff-1.2010-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         229 kB/s |  58 kB     00:00
(14/191): perl-Archive-Tar-2.38-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              878 kB/s |  85 kB     00:00
(15/191): perl-Archive-Zip-1.68-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              2.3 MB/s | 144 kB     00:00
(16/191): perl-Attribute-Handlers-1.01-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                 277 kB/s |  26 kB     00:00
(17/191): perl-AutoSplit-5.74-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          219 kB/s |  20 kB     00:00
(18/191): openblas-srpm-macros-2-11.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            4.4 kB/s | 8.3 kB     00:01
(19/191): perl-CPAN-2.29-5.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                   3.2 MB/s | 630 kB     00:00
(20/191): perl-Benchmark-1.23-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           13 kB/s |  25 kB     00:01
(21/191): dwz-0.16-1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                            21 kB/s | 139 kB     00:06
(22/191): perl-CPAN-Meta-Requirements-2.140-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                370 kB/s |  38 kB     00:00
(23/191): perl-CPAN-Meta-YAML-0.018-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        326 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(24/191): perl-CPAN-Meta-2.150010-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          1.1 MB/s | 292 kB     00:00
(25/191): perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2-2.101-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                      448 kB/s |  40 kB     00:00
(26/191): perl-Compress-Bzip2-2.28-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                           512 kB/s |  78 kB     00:00
(27/191): perl-Compress-Raw-Lzma-2.101-3.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       1.2 MB/s |  57 kB     00:00
(28/191): perl-Config-Extensions-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  303 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(29/191): perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib-2.101-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       604 kB/s |  66 kB     00:00
(30/191): perl-Config-Perl-V-0.33-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            275 kB/s |  28 kB     00:00
(31/191): perl-DB_File-1.855-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 1.5 MB/s |  87 kB     00:00
(32/191): perl-DBM_Filter-0.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         374 kB/s |  43 kB     00:00
(33/191): perl-Data-Section-0.200007-14.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        714 kB/s |  30 kB     00:00
(34/191): perl-Devel-PPPort-3.62-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             3.1 MB/s | 220 kB     00:00
(35/191): perl-CPAN-DistnameInfo-0.12-23.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       8.0 kB/s |  15 kB     00:01
(36/191): perl-Devel-SelfStubber-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  336 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(37/191): perl-Devel-Size-0.83-10.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                              814 kB/s |  32 kB     00:00
(38/191): perl-Devel-Peek-1.28-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         349 kB/s |  30 kB     00:00
(39/191): perl-Digest-SHA1-2.13-34.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             1.3 MB/s |  60 kB     00:00
(40/191): perl-Digest-SHA-6.02-461.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             852 kB/s |  70 kB     00:00
(41/191): perl-DirHandle-1.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          269 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(42/191): perl-Dumpvalue-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          446 kB/s |  17 kB     00:00
(43/191): perl-Encode-Locale-1.05-21.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           500 kB/s |  20 kB     00:00
(44/191): perl-English-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            422 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(45/191): perl-Encode-devel-3.08-462.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                           783 kB/s |  51 kB     00:00
(46/191): perl-Env-1.04-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                    606 kB/s |  25 kB     00:00
(47/191): perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder-0.280236-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    1.5 MB/s |  69 kB     00:00
(48/191): perl-ExtUtils-Command-7.60-3.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         374 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(49/191): perl-ExtUtils-Constant-0.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  1.2 MB/s |  55 kB     00:00
(50/191): perl-ExtUtils-Embed-1.35-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                     433 kB/s |  16 kB     00:00
(51/191): perl-ExtUtils-Install-2.20-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         1.1 MB/s |  53 kB     00:00
(52/191): perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker-7.60-3.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       1.7 MB/s | 352 kB     00:00
(53/191): perl-ExtUtils-Manifest-1.73-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        1.0 MB/s |  40 kB     00:00
(54/191): perl-ExtUtils-Miniperl-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  373 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
(55/191): perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS-3.40-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       572 kB/s | 212 kB     00:00
(56/191): perl-File-Compare-1.100.600-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  139 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(57/191): perl-File-Copy-2.34-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          395 kB/s |  19 kB     00:00
(58/191): perl-File-DosGlob-1.12-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       151 kB/s |  18 kB     00:00
(59/191): perl-File-Fetch-1.00-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               730 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(60/191): perl-File-HomeDir-1.006-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            1.8 MB/s |  81 kB     00:00
(61/191): perl-Data-OptList-0.110-17.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            19 kB/s |  36 kB     00:01
(62/191): perl-FileCache-1.10-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          365 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(63/191): perl-Filter-1.60-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                   2.4 MB/s | 121 kB     00:00
(64/191): perl-Filter-Simple-0.96-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          200 kB/s |  28 kB     00:00
(65/191): perl-FindBin-1.51-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            111 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(66/191): perl-GDBM_File-1.18-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                          164 kB/s |  21 kB     00:00
(67/191): perl-ExtUtils-MM-Utils-7.60-3.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        6.9 kB/s |  13 kB     00:01
(68/191): perl-Hash-Util-0.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                          344 kB/s |  33 kB     00:00
(69/191): perl-I18N-Collate-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       287 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(70/191): perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash-1.20-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                275 kB/s |  36 kB     00:00
(71/191): perl-I18N-LangTags-0.44-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                      1.3 MB/s |  59 kB     00:00
(72/191): perl-I18N-Langinfo-0.19-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                      475 kB/s |  21 kB     00:00
(73/191): perl-IO-Compress-Lzma-2.101-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        2.0 MB/s | 101 kB     00:00
(74/191): perl-IO-Zlib-1.11-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                  487 kB/s |  20 kB     00:00
(75/191): perl-IPC-Cmd-1.04-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                895 kB/s |  40 kB     00:00
(76/191): perl-IO-Compress-2.102-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                             2.1 MB/s | 321 kB     00:00
(77/191): perl-IPC-SysV-2.09-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                 625 kB/s |  55 kB     00:00
(78/191): perl-IPC-System-Simple-1.30-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        431 kB/s |  46 kB     00:00
(79/191): perl-Importer-0.026-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                475 kB/s |  45 kB     00:00
(80/191): perl-JSON-PP-4.06-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                  862 kB/s |  74 kB     00:00
(81/191): perl-Locale-Maketext-1.29-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        2.3 MB/s | 108 kB     00:00
(82/191): perl-Locale-Maketext-Simple-0.21-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                             237 kB/s |  16 kB     00:00
(83/191): perl-MRO-Compat-0.13-15.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              701 kB/s |  27 kB     00:00
(84/191): perl-MIME-Charset-1.012.2-15.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         679 kB/s |  60 kB     00:00
(85/191): perl-Math-BigRat-0.2614-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          743 kB/s |  46 kB     00:00
(86/191): perl-Math-BigInt-FastCalc-0.500.900-460.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                              418 kB/s |  35 kB     00:00
(87/191): perl-Memoize-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            2.0 MB/s |  72 kB     00:00
(88/191): perl-Module-CoreList-5.20240609-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    802 kB/s |  95 kB     00:00
(89/191): perl-Module-Build-0.42.31-9.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          1.8 MB/s | 305 kB     00:00
(90/191): perl-Module-Load-0.36-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              495 kB/s |  18 kB     00:00
(91/191): perl-Module-CoreList-tools-5.20240609-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                              182 kB/s |  16 kB     00:00
(92/191): perl-Module-Loaded-0.08-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                      305 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(93/191): perl-Module-Load-Conditional-0.74-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  229 kB/s |  23 kB     00:00
(94/191): perl-Module-Metadata-1.000037-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    461 kB/s |  42 kB     00:00
(95/191): perl-File-Which-1.23-10.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               12 kB/s |  22 kB     00:01
(96/191): perl-NEXT-0.67-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               473 kB/s |  19 kB     00:00
(97/191): perl-Net-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                796 kB/s |  33 kB     00:00
(98/191): perl-Module-Signature-0.88-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         706 kB/s |  95 kB     00:00
(99/191): perl-Object-HashBase-0.009-7.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         787 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(100/191): perl-Net-Ping-2.74-5.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                439 kB/s |  55 kB     00:00
(101/191): perl-ODBM_File-1.16-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         175 kB/s |  21 kB     00:00
(102/191): perl-Params-Check-0.38-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          535 kB/s |  23 kB     00:00
(103/191): perl-Opcode-1.48-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                            353 kB/s |  40 kB     00:00
(104/191): perl-Package-Generator-1.106-23.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                     253 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(105/191): perl-Perl-OSType-1.010-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          376 kB/s |  29 kB     00:00
(106/191): perl-Pod-Checker-1.74-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                             961 kB/s |  38 kB     00:00
(107/191): perl-PerlIO-via-QuotedPrint-0.09-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  332 kB/s |  29 kB     00:00
(108/191): perl-Pod-Html-1.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          633 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(109/191): perl-Pod-Functions-1.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                     148 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(110/191): perl-Search-Dict-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       307 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(111/191): perl-Safe-2.41-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              493 kB/s |  23 kB     00:00
(112/191): perl-SelfLoader-1.26-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        368 kB/s |  20 kB     00:00
(113/191): perl-Software-License-0.103014-12.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                   2.9 MB/s | 196 kB     00:00
(114/191): perl-Sub-Install-0.928-28.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           556 kB/s |  28 kB     00:00
(115/191): perl-Sys-Hostname-1.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                      499 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(116/191): perl-Sub-Exporter-0.987-27.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          975 kB/s | 103 kB     00:00
(117/191): perl-Term-Complete-1.403-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                    308 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(118/191): perl-Sys-Syslog-0.36-461.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                            1.0 MB/s |  54 kB     00:00
(119/191): perl-Term-ReadLine-1.17-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                     465 kB/s |  17 kB     00:00
(120/191): perl-Term-Size-Perl-0.031-12.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        573 kB/s |  28 kB     00:00
(121/191): perl-Params-Util-1.102-5.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             22 kB/s |  41 kB     00:01
(122/191): perl-Term-Size-Any-0.002-35.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         9.7 kB/s |  19 kB     00:01
(123/191): perl-Test-1.31-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              702 kB/s |  27 kB     00:00
(124/191): perl-Term-Table-0.015-8.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              26 kB/s |  50 kB     00:01
(125/191): perl-Test-Harness-3.42-461.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          4.7 MB/s | 387 kB     00:00
(126/191): perl-Text-Abbrev-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       223 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(127/191): perl-Text-Balanced-2.04-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           548 kB/s |  53 kB     00:00
(128/191): perl-Test-Simple-1.302183-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         3.6 MB/s | 949 kB     00:00
(129/191): perl-Text-Diff-1.45-13.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              919 kB/s |  50 kB     00:00
(130/191): perl-Text-Template-1.59-5.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           1.0 MB/s |  66 kB     00:00
(131/191): perl-Text-Glob-0.11-15.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              167 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
(132/191): perl-Thread-3.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            185 kB/s |  16 kB     00:00
(133/191): perl-Thread-Semaphore-2.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                  201 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
(134/191): perl-Tie-4.6-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                414 kB/s |  41 kB     00:00
(135/191): perl-Tie-File-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          903 kB/s |  42 kB     00:00
(136/191): perl-Tie-Memoize-1.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        133 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(137/191): perl-Tie-RefHash-1.40-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                             737 kB/s |  29 kB     00:00
(138/191): perl-Time-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              804 kB/s |  24 kB     00:00
(139/191): perl-Time-HiRes-1.9764-462.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                          1.9 MB/s |  64 kB     00:00
(140/191): perl-Time-Piece-1.3401-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                      796 kB/s |  45 kB     00:00
(141/191): perl-Unicode-Collate-1.29-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                         6.8 MB/s | 849 kB     00:00
(142/191): perl-Unicode-LineBreak-2019.001-11.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                  1.5 MB/s | 144 kB     00:00
(143/191): perl-Unicode-Normalize-1.27-461.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                     683 kB/s |  96 kB     00:00
(144/191): perl-TermReadKey-2.38-11.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             22 kB/s |  42 kB     00:01
(145/191): perl-Unicode-UCD-0.75-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       1.2 MB/s |  77 kB     00:00
(146/191): perl-User-pwent-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                        242 kB/s |  24 kB     00:00
(147/191): perl-autodie-2.34-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                 1.1 MB/s | 117 kB     00:00
(148/191): perl-bignum-0.51-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                                1.1 MB/s |  56 kB     00:00
(149/191): perl-blib-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              262 kB/s |  11 kB     00:00
(150/191): perl-autouse-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            70 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(151/191): perl-deprecate-0.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         163 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(152/191): perl-devel-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                           6.2 MB/s | 748 kB     00:00
(153/191): perl-diagnostics-1.37-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       1.9 MB/s | 216 kB     00:00
(154/191): perl-Thread-Queue-3.14-460.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           14 kB/s |  28 kB     00:01
(155/191): perl-doc-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                             9.1 MB/s | 4.9 MB     00:00
(156/191): perl-encoding-3.00-462.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                              349 kB/s |  68 kB     00:00
(157/191): perl-encoding-warnings-0.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                 374 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(158/191): perl-experimental-0.022-6.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           667 kB/s |  27 kB     00:00
(159/191): perl-filetest-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          352 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(160/191): perl-inc-latest-0.500-20.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            768 kB/s |  31 kB     00:00
(161/191): perl-fields-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            162 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(162/191): perl-less-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              307 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(163/191): perl-lib-0.65-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               208 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(164/191): perl-libnetcfg-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                       403 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(165/191): perl-macros-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          261 kB/s | 9.2 kB     00:00
(166/191): perl-local-lib-2.000024-13.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                          839 kB/s |  76 kB     00:00
(167/191): perl-meta-notation-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                   102 kB/s | 8.2 kB     00:00
(168/191): perl-open-1.12-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                              369 kB/s |  15 kB     00:00
(169/191): perl-ph-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                              745 kB/s |  67 kB     00:00
(170/191): perl-perlfaq-5.20210520-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           2.7 MB/s | 399 kB     00:00
(171/191): perl-sigtrap-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           299 kB/s |  14 kB     00:00
(172/191): perl-srpm-macros-1-41.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               110 kB/s | 9.1 kB     00:00
(173/191): perl-sort-2.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               98 kB/s |  12 kB     00:00
(174/191): perl-threads-2.25-460.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                               698 kB/s |  65 kB     00:00
(175/191): perl-threads-shared-1.61-460.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        589 kB/s |  50 kB     00:00
(176/191): perl-utils-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           1.4 MB/s |  64 kB     00:00
(177/191): perl-version-0.99.28-4.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                              1.6 MB/s |  74 kB     00:00
(178/191): pyproject-srpm-macros-1.16.2-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                      353 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(179/191): perl-vmsish-1.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            132 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(180/191): qt5-srpm-macros-5.15.9-1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                            208 kB/s | 7.7 kB     00:00
(181/191): redhat-rpm-config-210-1.0.1.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                         2.0 MB/s | 101 kB     00:00
(182/191): perl-debugger-1.56-481.1.el9_6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           75 kB/s | 139 kB     00:01
(183/191): sombok-2.4.0-16.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                                     1.3 MB/s |  55 kB     00:00
(184/191): rust-srpm-macros-17-4.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                               107 kB/s |  10 kB     00:00
(185/191): python-srpm-macros-3.9-54.el9.noarch.rpm                                                                                                                           8.2 kB/s |  16 kB     00:02
(186/191): libstdc++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             6.4 MB/s | 757 kB     00:00
(187/191): systemtap-sdt-devel-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                        39 kB/s |  76 kB     00:01
(188/191): perl-Errno-1.30-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                             366 kB/s |  13 kB     00:00
(189/191): perl-interpreter-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                     858 kB/s |  76 kB     00:00
(190/191): perl-libs-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                            8.5 MB/s | 2.7 MB     00:00
(191/191): systemtap-sdt-dtrace-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                                       22 kB/s |  75 kB     00:03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                                                                                                                         1.9 MB/s |  38 MB     00:20
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                                                                                                                                                      1/1
  Upgrading        : libstdc++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 1/195
  Installing       : perl-GDBM_File-1.18-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                             2/195
  Installing       : perl-ODBM_File-1.16-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                             3/195
  Upgrading        : perl-libs-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                              4/195
  Installing       : perl-DB_File-1.855-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                    5/195
  Installing       : perl-version-7:0.99.28-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                6/195
  Installing       : perl-File-Copy-2.34-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                             7/195
  Installing       : perl-ExtUtils-Manifest-1:1.73-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                         8/195
  Installing       : perl-Time-HiRes-4:1.9764-462.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                            9/195
  Installing       : perl-CPAN-Meta-Requirements-2.140-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                  10/195
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  Verifying        : perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib-2.101-5.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                         29/195
  Verifying        : perl-Config-Extensions-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                    30/195
  Verifying        : perl-Config-Perl-V-0.33-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                              31/195
  Verifying        : perl-DBM_Filter-0.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                           32/195
  Verifying        : perl-DB_File-1.855-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   33/195
  Verifying        : perl-Data-OptList-0.110-17.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             34/195
  Verifying        : perl-Data-Section-0.200007-14.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          35/195
  Verifying        : perl-Devel-PPPort-3.62-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               36/195
  Verifying        : perl-Devel-Peek-1.28-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                           37/195
  Verifying        : perl-Devel-SelfStubber-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                    38/195
  Verifying        : perl-Devel-Size-0.83-10.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                39/195
  Verifying        : perl-Digest-SHA-1:6.02-461.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                             40/195
  Verifying        : perl-Digest-SHA1-2.13-34.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               41/195
  Verifying        : perl-DirHandle-1.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            42/195
  Verifying        : perl-Dumpvalue-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            43/195
  Verifying        : perl-Encode-Locale-1.05-21.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             44/195
  Verifying        : perl-Encode-devel-4:3.08-462.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                           45/195
  Verifying        : perl-English-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              46/195
  Verifying        : perl-Env-1.04-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                      47/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder-1:0.280236-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                    48/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-Command-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                         49/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-Constant-0.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                    50/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-Embed-1.35-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                       51/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-Install-2.20-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           52/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-MM-Utils-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                        53/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                       54/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-Manifest-1:1.73-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                        55/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-Miniperl-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                    56/195
  Verifying        : perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS-1:3.40-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                       57/195
  Verifying        : perl-File-Compare-1.100.600-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                    58/195
  Verifying        : perl-File-Copy-2.34-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            59/195
  Verifying        : perl-File-DosGlob-1.12-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                         60/195
  Verifying        : perl-File-Fetch-1.00-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                 61/195
  Verifying        : perl-File-HomeDir-1.006-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                              62/195
  Verifying        : perl-File-Which-1.23-10.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                63/195
  Verifying        : perl-FileCache-1.10-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            64/195
  Verifying        : perl-Filter-2:1.60-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   65/195
  Verifying        : perl-Filter-Simple-0.96-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            66/195
  Verifying        : perl-FindBin-1.51-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              67/195
  Verifying        : perl-GDBM_File-1.18-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                            68/195
  Verifying        : perl-Hash-Util-0.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                            69/195
  Verifying        : perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash-1.20-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                  70/195
  Verifying        : perl-I18N-Collate-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         71/195
  Verifying        : perl-I18N-LangTags-0.44-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                        72/195
  Verifying        : perl-I18N-Langinfo-0.19-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                        73/195
  Verifying        : perl-IO-Compress-2.102-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                               74/195
  Verifying        : perl-IO-Compress-Lzma-2.101-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          75/195
  Verifying        : perl-IO-Zlib-1:1.11-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                  76/195
  Verifying        : perl-IPC-Cmd-2:1.04-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                77/195
  Verifying        : perl-IPC-SysV-2.09-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   78/195
  Verifying        : perl-IPC-System-Simple-1.30-6.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          79/195
  Verifying        : perl-Importer-0.026-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                  80/195
  Verifying        : perl-JSON-PP-1:4.06-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                  81/195
  Verifying        : perl-Locale-Maketext-1.29-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          82/195
  Verifying        : perl-Locale-Maketext-Simple-1:0.21-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                             83/195
  Verifying        : perl-MIME-Charset-1.012.2-15.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           84/195
  Verifying        : perl-MRO-Compat-0.13-15.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                85/195
  Verifying        : perl-Math-BigInt-FastCalc-0.500.900-460.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                86/195
  Verifying        : perl-Math-BigRat-0.2614-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            87/195
  Verifying        : perl-Memoize-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              88/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Build-2:0.42.31-9.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          89/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-CoreList-1:5.20240609-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                    90/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-CoreList-tools-1:5.20240609-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                              91/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Load-1:0.36-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                              92/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Load-Conditional-0.74-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                    93/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Loaded-1:0.08-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                      94/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Metadata-1.000037-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                      95/195
  Verifying        : perl-Module-Signature-0.88-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           96/195
  Verifying        : perl-NEXT-0.67-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                 97/195
  Verifying        : perl-Net-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                  98/195
  Verifying        : perl-Net-Ping-2.74-5.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                   99/195
  Verifying        : perl-ODBM_File-1.16-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                           100/195
  Verifying        : perl-Object-HashBase-0.009-7.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          101/195
  Verifying        : perl-Opcode-1.48-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                              102/195
  Verifying        : perl-Package-Generator-1.106-23.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                       103/195
  Verifying        : perl-Params-Check-1:0.38-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          104/195
  Verifying        : perl-Params-Util-1.102-5.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              105/195
  Verifying        : perl-Perl-OSType-1.010-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            106/195
  Verifying        : perl-PerlIO-via-QuotedPrint-0.09-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                    107/195
  Verifying        : perl-Pod-Checker-4:1.74-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             108/195
  Verifying        : perl-Pod-Functions-1.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                       109/195
  Verifying        : perl-Pod-Html-1.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            110/195
  Verifying        : perl-Safe-2.41-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                111/195
  Verifying        : perl-Search-Dict-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         112/195
  Verifying        : perl-SelfLoader-1.26-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                          113/195
  Verifying        : perl-Software-License-0.103014-12.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                     114/195
  Verifying        : perl-Sub-Exporter-0.987-27.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            115/195
  Verifying        : perl-Sub-Install-0.928-28.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             116/195
  Verifying        : perl-Sys-Hostname-1.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                        117/195
  Verifying        : perl-Sys-Syslog-0.36-461.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              118/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-Complete-1.403-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                      119/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-ReadLine-1.17-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                       120/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-Size-Any-0.002-35.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           121/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-Size-Perl-0.031-12.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          122/195
  Verifying        : perl-Term-Table-0.015-8.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                               123/195
  Verifying        : perl-TermReadKey-2.38-11.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              124/195
  Verifying        : perl-Test-1.31-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                125/195
  Verifying        : perl-Test-Harness-1:3.42-461.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                          126/195
  Verifying        : perl-Test-Simple-3:1.302183-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                         127/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Abbrev-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         128/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Balanced-2.04-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             129/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Diff-1.45-13.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                130/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Glob-0.11-15.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                131/195
  Verifying        : perl-Text-Template-1.59-5.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             132/195
  Verifying        : perl-Thread-3.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              133/195
  Verifying        : perl-Thread-Queue-3.14-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            134/195
  Verifying        : perl-Thread-Semaphore-2.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                    135/195
  Verifying        : perl-Tie-4.6-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                  136/195
  Verifying        : perl-Tie-File-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            137/195
  Verifying        : perl-Tie-Memoize-1.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                          138/195
  Verifying        : perl-Tie-RefHash-1.40-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                               139/195
  Verifying        : perl-Time-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                140/195
  Verifying        : perl-Time-HiRes-4:1.9764-462.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          141/195
  Verifying        : perl-Time-Piece-1.3401-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                        142/195
  Verifying        : perl-Unicode-Collate-1.29-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                           143/195
  Verifying        : perl-Unicode-LineBreak-2019.001-11.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                    144/195
  Verifying        : perl-Unicode-Normalize-1.27-461.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                       145/195
  Verifying        : perl-Unicode-UCD-0.75-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         146/195
  Verifying        : perl-User-pwent-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                          147/195
  Verifying        : perl-autodie-2.34-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                   148/195
  Verifying        : perl-autouse-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                             149/195
  Verifying        : perl-bignum-0.51-460.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                  150/195
  Verifying        : perl-blib-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                151/195
  Verifying        : perl-debugger-1.56-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            152/195
  Verifying        : perl-deprecate-0.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                           153/195
  Verifying        : perl-devel-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                           154/195
  Verifying        : perl-diagnostics-1.37-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                         155/195
  Verifying        : perl-doc-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                               156/195
  Verifying        : perl-encoding-4:3.00-462.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              157/195
  Verifying        : perl-encoding-warnings-0.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                   158/195
  Verifying        : perl-experimental-0.022-6.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             159/195
  Verifying        : perl-fields-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              160/195
  Verifying        : perl-filetest-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                            161/195
  Verifying        : perl-inc-latest-2:0.500-20.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            162/195
  Verifying        : perl-less-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                163/195
  Verifying        : perl-lib-0.65-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                 164/195
  Verifying        : perl-libnetcfg-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                       165/195
  Verifying        : perl-local-lib-2.000024-13.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                            166/195
  Verifying        : perl-macros-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                          167/195
  Verifying        : perl-meta-notation-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                     168/195
  Verifying        : perl-open-1.12-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                169/195
  Verifying        : perl-perlfaq-5.20210520-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             170/195
  Verifying        : perl-ph-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                                171/195
  Verifying        : perl-sigtrap-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                             172/195
  Verifying        : perl-sort-2.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                                173/195
  Verifying        : perl-srpm-macros-1-41.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                 174/195
  Verifying        : perl-threads-1:2.25-460.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               175/195
  Verifying        : perl-threads-shared-1.61-460.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                          176/195
  Verifying        : perl-utils-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                             177/195
  Verifying        : perl-version-7:0.99.28-4.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                              178/195
  Verifying        : perl-vmsish-1.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch                                                                                                                                              179/195
  Verifying        : pyproject-srpm-macros-1.16.2-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                        180/195
  Verifying        : python-srpm-macros-3.9-54.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                             181/195
  Verifying        : qt5-srpm-macros-5.15.9-1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                              182/195
  Verifying        : redhat-rpm-config-210-1.0.1.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                           183/195
  Verifying        : rust-srpm-macros-17-4.el9.noarch                                                                                                                                                 184/195
  Verifying        : sombok-2.4.0-16.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                       185/195
  Verifying        : systemtap-sdt-devel-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                         186/195
  Verifying        : systemtap-sdt-dtrace-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                        187/195
  Verifying        : libstdc++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                               188/195
  Verifying        : libstdc++-11.5.0-5.0.1.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                189/195
  Verifying        : perl-Errno-1.30-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                               190/195
  Verifying        : perl-Errno-1.30-481.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                   191/195
  Verifying        : perl-interpreter-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                     192/195
  Verifying        : perl-interpreter-4:5.32.1-481.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                         193/195
  Verifying        : perl-libs-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                                                                                                                                            194/195
  Verifying        : perl-libs-4:5.32.1-481.el9.x86_64                                                                                                                                                195/195

Upgraded:
  libstdc++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64              perl-Errno-1.30-481.1.el9_6.x86_64              perl-interpreter-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64              perl-libs-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
Installed:
  annobin-12.92-1.el9.x86_64                      dwz-0.16-1.el9.x86_64                               efi-srpm-macros-6-4.0.1.el9.noarch                     fonts-srpm-macros-1:2.0.5-7.el9.1.noarch
  gcc-c++-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64                gcc-plugin-annobin-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64         ghc-srpm-macros-1.5.0-6.el9.noarch                     go-srpm-macros-3.6.0-14.el9_7.noarch
  kernel-srpm-macros-1.0-14.0.1.el9.noarch        libstdc++-devel-11.5.0-11.0.2.el9.x86_64            lua-srpm-macros-1-6.el9.noarch                         ocaml-srpm-macros-6-6.el9.noarch
  openblas-srpm-macros-2-11.el9.noarch            perl-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                    perl-Algorithm-Diff-1.2010-4.el9.noarch                perl-Archive-Tar-2.38-6.el9.noarch
  perl-Archive-Zip-1.68-6.el9.noarch              perl-Attribute-Handlers-1.01-481.1.el9_6.noarch     perl-AutoSplit-5.74-481.1.el9_6.noarch                 perl-Benchmark-1.23-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-CPAN-2.29-5.el9_6.noarch                   perl-CPAN-DistnameInfo-0.12-23.el9.noarch           perl-CPAN-Meta-2.150010-460.el9.noarch                 perl-CPAN-Meta-Requirements-2.140-461.el9.noarch
  perl-CPAN-Meta-YAML-0.018-461.el9.noarch        perl-Compress-Bzip2-2.28-5.el9.x86_64               perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2-2.101-5.el9.x86_64             perl-Compress-Raw-Lzma-2.101-3.el9.x86_64
  perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib-2.101-5.el9.x86_64       perl-Config-Extensions-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-Config-Perl-V-0.33-4.el9.noarch                   perl-DBM_Filter-0.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-DB_File-1.855-4.el9.x86_64                 perl-Data-OptList-0.110-17.el9.noarch               perl-Data-Section-0.200007-14.el9.noarch               perl-Devel-PPPort-3.62-4.el9.x86_64
  perl-Devel-Peek-1.28-481.1.el9_6.x86_64         perl-Devel-SelfStubber-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-Devel-Size-0.83-10.el9.x86_64                     perl-Digest-SHA-1:6.02-461.el9.x86_64
  perl-Digest-SHA1-2.13-34.el9.x86_64             perl-DirHandle-1.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch              perl-Dumpvalue-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch                 perl-Encode-Locale-1.05-21.el9.noarch
  perl-Encode-devel-4:3.08-462.el9.x86_64         perl-English-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch                perl-Env-1.04-460.el9.noarch                           perl-ExtUtils-CBuilder-1:0.280236-4.el9.noarch
  perl-ExtUtils-Command-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch       perl-ExtUtils-Constant-0.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-ExtUtils-Embed-1.35-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-ExtUtils-Install-2.20-4.el9.noarch
  perl-ExtUtils-MM-Utils-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch      perl-ExtUtils-MakeMaker-2:7.60-3.el9.noarch         perl-ExtUtils-Manifest-1:1.73-4.el9.noarch             perl-ExtUtils-Miniperl-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-ExtUtils-ParseXS-1:3.40-460.el9.noarch     perl-File-Compare-1.100.600-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-File-Copy-2.34-481.1.el9_6.noarch                 perl-File-DosGlob-1.12-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
  perl-File-Fetch-1.00-4.el9.noarch               perl-File-HomeDir-1.006-4.el9.noarch                perl-File-Which-1.23-10.el9.noarch                     perl-FileCache-1.10-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Filter-2:1.60-4.el9.x86_64                 perl-Filter-Simple-0.96-460.el9.noarch              perl-FindBin-1.51-481.1.el9_6.noarch                   perl-GDBM_File-1.18-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
  perl-Hash-Util-0.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64          perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash-1.20-481.1.el9_6.x86_64    perl-I18N-Collate-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch              perl-I18N-LangTags-0.44-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-I18N-Langinfo-0.19-481.1.el9_6.x86_64      perl-IO-Compress-2.102-4.el9.noarch                 perl-IO-Compress-Lzma-2.101-4.el9.noarch               perl-IO-Zlib-1:1.11-4.el9.noarch
  perl-IPC-Cmd-2:1.04-461.el9.noarch              perl-IPC-SysV-2.09-4.el9.x86_64                     perl-IPC-System-Simple-1.30-6.el9.noarch               perl-Importer-0.026-4.el9.noarch
  perl-JSON-PP-1:4.06-4.el9.noarch                perl-Locale-Maketext-1.29-461.el9.noarch            perl-Locale-Maketext-Simple-1:0.21-481.1.el9_6.noarch  perl-MIME-Charset-1.012.2-15.el9.noarch
  perl-MRO-Compat-0.13-15.el9.noarch              perl-Math-BigInt-FastCalc-0.500.900-460.el9.x86_64  perl-Math-BigRat-0.2614-460.el9.noarch                 perl-Memoize-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Module-Build-2:0.42.31-9.el9.noarch        perl-Module-CoreList-1:5.20240609-1.el9.noarch      perl-Module-CoreList-tools-1:5.20240609-1.el9.noarch   perl-Module-Load-1:0.36-4.el9.noarch
  perl-Module-Load-Conditional-0.74-4.el9.noarch  perl-Module-Loaded-1:0.08-481.1.el9_6.noarch        perl-Module-Metadata-1.000037-460.el9.noarch           perl-Module-Signature-0.88-1.el9.noarch
  perl-NEXT-0.67-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-Net-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch                    perl-Net-Ping-2.74-5.el9.noarch                        perl-ODBM_File-1.16-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
  perl-Object-HashBase-0.009-7.el9.noarch         perl-Opcode-1.48-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                 perl-Package-Generator-1.106-23.el9.noarch             perl-Params-Check-1:0.38-461.el9.noarch
  perl-Params-Util-1.102-5.el9.x86_64             perl-Perl-OSType-1.010-461.el9.noarch               perl-PerlIO-via-QuotedPrint-0.09-4.el9.noarch          perl-Pod-Checker-4:1.74-4.el9.noarch
  perl-Pod-Functions-1.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-Pod-Html-1.25-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-Safe-2.41-481.1.el9_6.noarch                      perl-Search-Dict-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-SelfLoader-1.26-481.1.el9_6.noarch         perl-Software-License-0.103014-12.el9.noarch        perl-Sub-Exporter-0.987-27.el9.noarch                  perl-Sub-Install-0.928-28.el9.noarch
  perl-Sys-Hostname-1.23-481.1.el9_6.x86_64       perl-Sys-Syslog-0.36-461.el9.x86_64                 perl-Term-Complete-1.403-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-Term-ReadLine-1.17-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Term-Size-Any-0.002-35.el9.noarch          perl-Term-Size-Perl-0.031-12.el9.x86_64             perl-Term-Table-0.015-8.el9.noarch                     perl-TermReadKey-2.38-11.el9.x86_64
  perl-Test-1.31-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-Test-Harness-1:3.42-461.el9.noarch             perl-Test-Simple-3:1.302183-4.el9.noarch               perl-Text-Abbrev-1.02-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Text-Balanced-2.04-4.el9.noarch            perl-Text-Diff-1.45-13.el9.noarch                   perl-Text-Glob-0.11-15.el9.noarch                      perl-Text-Template-1.59-5.el9.noarch
  perl-Thread-3.05-481.1.el9_6.noarch             perl-Thread-Queue-3.14-460.el9.noarch               perl-Thread-Semaphore-2.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch          perl-Tie-4.6-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Tie-File-1.06-481.1.el9_6.noarch           perl-Tie-Memoize-1.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch             perl-Tie-RefHash-1.40-4.el9.noarch                     perl-Time-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-Time-HiRes-4:1.9764-462.el9.x86_64         perl-Time-Piece-1.3401-481.1.el9_6.x86_64           perl-Unicode-Collate-1.29-4.el9.x86_64                 perl-Unicode-LineBreak-2019.001-11.el9.x86_64
  perl-Unicode-Normalize-1.27-461.el9.x86_64      perl-Unicode-UCD-0.75-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-User-pwent-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                perl-autodie-2.34-4.el9.noarch
  perl-autouse-1.11-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-bignum-0.51-460.el9.noarch                     perl-blib-1.07-481.1.el9_6.noarch                      perl-debugger-1.56-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-deprecate-0.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch          perl-devel-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64              perl-diagnostics-1.37-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-doc-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-encoding-4:3.00-462.el9.x86_64             perl-encoding-warnings-0.13-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-experimental-0.022-6.el9.noarch                   perl-fields-2.27-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-filetest-1.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch           perl-inc-latest-2:0.500-20.el9.noarch               perl-less-0.03-481.1.el9_6.noarch                      perl-lib-0.65-481.1.el9_6.x86_64
  perl-libnetcfg-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch      perl-local-lib-2.000024-13.el9.noarch               perl-macros-4:5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch                perl-meta-notation-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-open-1.12-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-perlfaq-5.20210520-1.el9.noarch                perl-ph-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.x86_64                      perl-sigtrap-1.09-481.1.el9_6.noarch
  perl-sort-2.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch               perl-srpm-macros-1-41.el9.noarch                    perl-threads-1:2.25-460.el9.x86_64                     perl-threads-shared-1.61-460.el9.x86_64
  perl-utils-5.32.1-481.1.el9_6.noarch            perl-version-7:0.99.28-4.el9.x86_64                 perl-vmsish-1.04-481.1.el9_6.noarch                    pyproject-srpm-macros-1.16.2-1.el9.noarch
  python-srpm-macros-3.9-54.el9.noarch            qt5-srpm-macros-5.15.9-1.el9.noarch                 redhat-rpm-config-210-1.0.1.el9.noarch                 rust-srpm-macros-17-4.el9.noarch
  sombok-2.4.0-16.el9.x86_64                      systemtap-sdt-devel-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64            systemtap-sdt-dtrace-5.3-3.0.1.el9.x86_64

Complete!
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# make clean   <--- Cleanup due to error out
make -C doc clean
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/doc'
make -C src clean
..
..
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'clean'.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
rm -rf tmp_install/ portlock/
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

# Rerun make command
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# make
make -C ./src/backend generated-headers
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/backend'
make -C ../include/catalog generated-headers
make[2]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/include/catalog'
..
..
port -L../../../src/common   -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib',--enable-new-dtags  -lpgcommon -lpgport -lz -lreadline -lm  -o pg_isolation_regress
make[2]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/test/isolation'
make -C test/perl all
make[2]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/test/perl'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/test/perl'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src'
make -C config all
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

8. Install PostgreSQL

# Bin directory /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/ will get created by make install command. 

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# make install
make -C ./src/backend generated-headers
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/src/backend'
make -C ../include/catalog generated-headers
..
..
make -C config install
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/pgxs/config'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 ./install-sh '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/pgxs/config/install-sh'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 ./missing '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/pgxs/config/missing'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/config'
[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]#

[root@pgdb01 postgresql-17.4]# cd /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/
[root@pgdb01 17.4]# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Apr 21 21:06 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Apr 21 21:06 include
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Apr 21 21:06 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 4096 Apr 21 21:06 share
[root@pgdb01 17.4]#

9. Install PostgreSQL Contrib for extensions

#Install Contrib

cd /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4
make -C contrib install

--- OR ----

cd /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib
make
make install

[root@pgdb01 ~]# cd /pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib
[root@pgdb01 contrib]# make
..
..
make -C vacuumlo all
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/vacuumlo'
gcc -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror=vla -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wcast-function-type -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -O2 -I../../src/interfaces/libpq -I. -I. -I../../src/include  -D_GNU_SOURCE   -c -o vacuumlo.o vacuumlo.c
gcc -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror=vla -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wcast-function-type -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -O2  vacuumlo.o -L../../src/interfaces/libpq -lpq -L../../src/port -L../../src/common   -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib',--enable-new-dtags   -lpgcommon -lpgport -lz -lreadline -lm  -o vacuumlo
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/vacuumlo'
[root@pgdb01 contrib]#

[root@pgdb01 contrib]# make install
..
..
make -C unaccent install
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/unaccent'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/tsearch_data'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755  unaccent.so '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/unaccent.so'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent.control '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension/'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent--1.1.sql ./unaccent--1.0--1.1.sql  '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension/'
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent.rules '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/tsearch_data/'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/unaccent'
make -C vacuumlo install
make[1]: Entering directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/vacuumlo'
/usr/bin/mkdir -p '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin'
/usr/bin/install -c  vacuumlo '/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin'
make[1]: Leaving directory '/pg_Backup/stage/postgresql-17.4/contrib/vacuumlo'
[root@pgdb01 contrib]#

[root@pgdb01 contrib]# ls /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/extension
amcheck--1.0--1.1.sql     citext.control               hstore--1.5--1.6.sql       pageinspect--1.10--1.11.sql    pgrowlocks.control                  pg_visibility--1.0--1.1.sql
amcheck--1.0.sql          cube--1.0--1.1.sql           hstore--1.6--1.7.sql       pageinspect--1.11--1.12.sql    pg_stat_statements--1.0--1.1.sql    pg_visibility--1.1--1.2.sql
amcheck--1.1--1.2.sql     cube--1.1--1.2.sql           hstore--1.7--1.8.sql       pageinspect--1.1--1.2.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.10--1.11.sql  pg_visibility--1.1.sql
amcheck--1.2--1.3.sql     cube--1.2--1.3.sql           hstore.control             pageinspect--1.2--1.3.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.1--1.2.sql    pg_visibility.control
amcheck--1.3--1.4.sql     cube--1.2.sql                insert_username--1.0.sql   pageinspect--1.3--1.4.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.2--1.3.sql    pg_walinspect--1.0--1.1.sql
amcheck.control           cube--1.3--1.4.sql           insert_username.control    pageinspect--1.4--1.5.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.3--1.4.sql    pg_walinspect--1.0.sql
autoinc--1.0.sql          cube--1.4--1.5.sql           intagg--1.0--1.1.sql       pageinspect--1.5--1.6.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.4--1.5.sql    pg_walinspect.control
autoinc.control           cube.control                 intagg--1.1.sql            pageinspect--1.5.sql           pg_stat_statements--1.4.sql         plpgsql--1.0.sql
bloom--1.0.sql            dblink--1.0--1.1.sql         intagg.control             pageinspect--1.6--1.7.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.5--1.6.sql    plpgsql.control
bloom.control             dblink--1.1--1.2.sql         intarray--1.0--1.1.sql     pageinspect--1.7--1.8.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.6--1.7.sql    postgres_fdw--1.0--1.1.sql
btree_gin--1.0--1.1.sql   dblink--1.2.sql              intarray--1.1--1.2.sql     pageinspect--1.8--1.9.sql      pg_stat_statements--1.7--1.8.sql    postgres_fdw--1.0.sql
btree_gin--1.0.sql        dblink.control               intarray--1.2--1.3.sql     pageinspect--1.9--1.10.sql     pg_stat_statements--1.8--1.9.sql    postgres_fdw.control
btree_gin--1.1--1.2.sql   dict_int--1.0.sql            intarray--1.2.sql          pageinspect.control            pg_stat_statements--1.9--1.10.sql   refint--1.0.sql
btree_gin--1.2--1.3.sql   dict_int.control             intarray--1.3--1.4.sql     pg_buffercache--1.0--1.1.sql   pg_stat_statements.control          refint.control
btree_gin.control         dict_xsyn--1.0.sql           intarray--1.4--1.5.sql     pg_buffercache--1.1--1.2.sql   pgstattuple--1.0--1.1.sql           seg--1.0--1.1.sql
btree_gist--1.0--1.1.sql  dict_xsyn.control            intarray.control           pg_buffercache--1.2--1.3.sql   pgstattuple--1.1--1.2.sql           seg--1.1--1.2.sql
btree_gist--1.1--1.2.sql  earthdistance--1.0--1.1.sql  isn--1.0--1.1.sql          pg_buffercache--1.2.sql        pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql           seg--1.1.sql
btree_gist--1.2--1.3.sql  earthdistance--1.1--1.2.sql  isn--1.1--1.2.sql          pg_buffercache--1.3--1.4.sql   pgstattuple--1.3--1.4.sql           seg--1.2--1.3.sql
btree_gist--1.2.sql       earthdistance--1.1.sql       isn--1.1.sql               pg_buffercache--1.4--1.5.sql   pgstattuple--1.4--1.5.sql           seg--1.3--1.4.sql
btree_gist--1.3--1.4.sql  earthdistance.control        isn.control                pg_buffercache.control         pgstattuple--1.4.sql                seg.control
btree_gist--1.4--1.5.sql  file_fdw--1.0.sql            lo--1.0--1.1.sql           pg_freespacemap--1.0--1.1.sql  pgstattuple.control                 tablefunc--1.0.sql
btree_gist--1.5--1.6.sql  file_fdw.control             lo--1.1.sql                pg_freespacemap--1.1--1.2.sql  pg_surgery--1.0.sql                 tablefunc.control
btree_gist--1.6--1.7.sql  fuzzystrmatch--1.0--1.1.sql  lo.control                 pg_freespacemap--1.1.sql       pg_surgery.control                  tcn--1.0.sql
btree_gist.control        fuzzystrmatch--1.1--1.2.sql  ltree--1.0--1.1.sql        pg_freespacemap.control        pg_trgm--1.0--1.1.sql               tcn.control
citext--1.0--1.1.sql      fuzzystrmatch--1.1.sql       ltree--1.1--1.2.sql        pg_prewarm--1.0--1.1.sql       pg_trgm--1.1--1.2.sql               tsm_system_rows--1.0.sql
citext--1.1--1.2.sql      fuzzystrmatch.control        ltree--1.1.sql             pg_prewarm--1.1--1.2.sql       pg_trgm--1.2--1.3.sql               tsm_system_rows.control
citext--1.2--1.3.sql      hstore--1.1--1.2.sql         ltree--1.2--1.3.sql        pg_prewarm--1.1.sql            pg_trgm--1.3--1.4.sql               tsm_system_time--1.0.sql
citext--1.3--1.4.sql      hstore--1.2--1.3.sql         ltree.control              pg_prewarm.control             pg_trgm--1.3.sql                    tsm_system_time.control
citext--1.4--1.5.sql      hstore--1.3--1.4.sql         moddatetime--1.0.sql       pgrowlocks--1.0--1.1.sql       pg_trgm--1.4--1.5.sql               unaccent--1.0--1.1.sql
citext--1.4.sql           hstore--1.4--1.5.sql         moddatetime.control        pgrowlocks--1.1--1.2.sql       pg_trgm--1.5--1.6.sql               unaccent--1.1.sql
citext--1.5--1.6.sql      hstore--1.4.sql              pageinspect--1.0--1.1.sql  pgrowlocks--1.2.sql            pg_trgm.control                     unaccent.control
[root@pgdb01 contrib]# 

[root@pgdb01 contrib]# cd
[root@pgdb01 ~]# chown -R postgres:postgres /pgbin /pgData /pgWal /pgArch /pg_Backup
[root@pgdb01 ~]# chmod 700 /pgbin /pgData /pgWal /pgArch /pg_Backup
[root@pgdb01 ~]#

10. Set Environment Variables (As Postgres user)

# Switch to postgres user:

[root@pgdb01 17.4]# su - postgres
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

# Add below lines to .bash_profile and reload profile

export PGHOME=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4
export PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH
export PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ . .bash_profile
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ which psql
/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/psql
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

11. Validation 1 (As Postgres user)

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_config
BINDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin
DOCDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/doc
HTMLDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/doc
INCLUDEDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/include
PKGINCLUDEDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/include
INCLUDEDIR-SERVER = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/include/server
LIBDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib
PKGLIBDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib
LOCALEDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/locale
MANDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share/man
SHAREDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/share
SYSCONFDIR = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/etc
PGXS = /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib/pgxs/src/makefiles/pgxs.mk
CONFIGURE =  '--prefix=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4' '--with-pgport=5432'
CC = gcc
CPPFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE
CFLAGS = -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror=vla -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wcast-function-type -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -Wno-format-truncation -Wno-stringop-truncation -O2
CFLAGS_SL = -fPIC
LDFLAGS = -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/lib',--enable-new-dtags
LDFLAGS_EX =
LDFLAGS_SL =
LIBS = -lpgcommon -lpgport -lz -lreadline -lm
VERSION = PostgreSQL 17.4
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

12. Initialize Database (As Postgres user)

# Read more about initdb
https://www.br8dba.com/initdb-postgresql-cluster-initialization/

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ mkdir -p /pgData/pgsql/17.4 /pgWal/pgsql/17.4
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/initdb --pgdata=/pgData/pgsql/17.4 --waldir=/pgWal/pgsql/17.4 --wal-segsize=128
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_SG.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /pgData/pgsql/17.4 ... ok
fixing permissions on existing directory /pgWal/pgsql/17.4 ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default "max_connections" ... 100
selecting default "shared_buffers" ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Asia/Singapore
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok

initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
initdb: hint: You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or --auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4 -l logfile start

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

13. Start Postgres Instance(As Postgres user)

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4 -l logfile start
waiting for server to start.... done
server started
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

14. Validation (As Postgres user)

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
root       62627    3156  0 21:40 pts/0    00:00:00 su - postgres
postgres   62628   62627  0 21:40 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash
postgres 62707 1 0 21:50 ? 00:00:00 /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4
postgres   62708   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: checkpointer
postgres   62709   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: background writer
postgres   62711   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: walwriter
postgres   62712   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: autovacuum launcher
postgres   62713   62707 0 21:50 ?        00:00:00 postgres: logical replication launcher
postgres   62715   62628 99 21:52 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
postgres   62716   62628  0 21:52 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ psql -c "SELECT VERSION();"
                                                    version
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 17.4 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (GCC) 11.5.0 20240719 (Red Hat 11.5.0-11.0.2), 64-bit
(1 row)

[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.4)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \l
                                                     List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges
-----------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+--------+-----------+-----------------------
 postgres | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |
 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(3 rows)

postgres=# \du
                             List of roles
 Role name |                         Attributes
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------
 postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS

postgres=#
postgres=# \q
[postgres@pgdb01 ~]$

15. Create systemctl service for PostgreSQL (as root user) - Optional

# As root user

cat > /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service <<'EOF'
[Unit]
Description=PostgreSQL 17 Database Server
Documentation=https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=forking

User=postgres
Group=postgres

# PostgreSQL Data Directory
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql/17.4

# Start PostgreSQL
ExecStart=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl start -D ${PGDATA} -l ${PGDATA}/logfile

# Stop PostgreSQL
ExecStop=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl stop -D ${PGDATA} -m fast

# Reload PostgreSQL
ExecReload=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl reload -D ${PGDATA}

Restart=always
RestartSec=5

TimeoutSec=300

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

# Stop PostgreSQL as Postgres user using pg_ctl if running
# As postgres user
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$ pg_ctl stop
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
[postgres@pgdb02 ~]$

# As root user 
# Enable PostgreSQL service at boot
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl enable postgresql-17
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postgresql-17.service → /etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

# As root user
# Start PostgreSQL service
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

# As root user
# Verify Status
[root@pgdb02 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 Database Server
     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sat 2026-06-20 16:08:44 +08; 16s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/
    Process: 3302 ExecStart=/pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/pg_ctl start -D ${PGDATA} -l ${PGDATA}/logfile (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 3305 (postgres)
      Tasks: 6 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 21.4M
        CPU: 77ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─3305 /pgbin/pgsql/17.4/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql/17.4
             ├─3306 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─3307 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─3310 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─3311 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─3312 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Jun 20 16:08:43 pgdb02 systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 Database Server...
Jun 20 16:08:44 pgdb02 pg_ctl[3302]: waiting for server to start.... done
Jun 20 16:08:44 pgdb02 pg_ctl[3302]: server started
Jun 20 16:08:44 pgdb02 systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 Database Server.
[root@pgdb02 ~]#

Caution: Your use of any information or materials on this website is entirely at your own risk. It is provided for educational purposes only. It has been tested internally, however, we do not guarantee that it will work for you. Ensure that you run it in your test environment before using.Thank you, Rajasekhar Amudala Email: br8dba@gmail.com Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

PostgreSQL

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PostgreSQL DBA Step by Step Learning

#	PostgreSQL DBA Topics
1	How to Install PostgreSQL ON Linux?
2	How to Install PostgreSQL on Linux 7 using source code?
3	How to START/STOP PostgreSQL ON Linux?
4	How to Create Database in PostgreSQL?
5	PostgreSQL User Management
6	PostgreSQL pg_hba.conf Guide
7	PostgreSQL Change Data Directory
8	Understanding WAL Files in PostgreSQL – For Oracle DBAs
9	Change PostgreSQL WAL Directory Path (pg_wal)
10	Enable Archive Mode in PostgreSQL 17
11	How to Disable ARCHIVELOG Mode
12	PostgreSQL Tablespace Management
13	PostgreSQL pg_dump and pg_restore Guide
14	PostgreSQL Backup and Restore Using pg_dumpall and psql
15	pg_basebackup – Backup, Restore, and Recovery
16	Backup & Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster to Another Host (No Archive Mode)
17	Backup & Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster on Same Host
18	Restore PostgreSQL to New Host using pg_basebackup + WAL Archives
19	PostgreSQL PITR – Point in Time Recovery
20	Configure Streaming Replication in PostgreSQL
21	Manual Failover in PostgreSQL Streaming Replication
22	Convert Asynchronous Replication to Synchronous Replication

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Backup and Restore on Same Host Using pg_basebackup

How to Backup and Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster on the Same Host Using pg_basebackup

1. Environment
2. Verify Existing DB Setup
3. Pre-requisites
4. Take Backup
5. Prepare & Restore
5.1 Stop PostgreSQL and Clean Directories
5.2 Remove all from Data & WAL directories
5.3 Restore Data and WAL
A. Copy Backup files to $PGDATA
B. Copy WAL files from $PGDATA/pg_wal to /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
C. Remove the existing $PGDATA/pg_wal directory
D. Create a symbolic link pointing $PGDATA/pg_wal to a separate WAL directory
E. Set Permissions
6. Start PostgreSQL
7. Final Verification

1. Environment

ASPECT	Env
Hostname	lxicbpgdsgv01
IP Address	192.168.2.51
OS	RHEL 9
DB Version	PostgreSQL v17.6
Archive mode	archive_mode=off
pgData	/pgData/pgsql17/data
WAL Directory	/pgWal/pgsql17/wal
Tablespace	pg_default
Databases	DELL, ORCL

2. Verify Existing DB Setup

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \l+
                                                                                       List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   |  Size   | Tablespace |                Description
-----------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+--------+-----------+-----------------------+---------+------------+--------------------------------------------
 dell      | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 7763 kB | pg_default |
 orcl      | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 7907 kB | pg_default |
 postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 492 MB  | pg_default | default administrative connection database
 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +| 7545 kB | pg_default | unmodifiable empty database
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            |
 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +| 7723 kB | pg_default | default template for new databases
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            |
(5 rows)

postgres=# \db
       List of tablespaces
    Name    |  Owner   | Location
------------+----------+----------
 pg_default | postgres |
 pg_global  | postgres |
(2 rows)

postgres=# \c dell
You are now connected to database "dell" as user "postgres".
dell=# select * from test.emp;
 name | designation | project | company
------+-------------+---------+---------
 Sugi | DBA         | Jetstar | iGATE
 Teja | DBA         | RCM     | iGATE
 RAJ  | DBA         | RCM     | iGATE
(3 rows)

dell=#

3. Pre-requisites

Verify postgresql.conf

postgres=# SHOW wal_level;
 wal_level
-----------
 replica <----
(1 row)

postgres=#
postgres=# SHOW max_wal_senders;
 max_wal_senders
-----------------
 10
(1 row)

postgres=# SHOW archive_mode;
 archive_mode
--------------
 off
(1 row)

postgres=#

Verify pg_hba.conf

# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS             METHOD
# Local connections for replication (for pg_basebackup run locally)
local   replication     all                                 trust

# Remote connections for replication (for pg_basebackup run remotely)
#host    replication     repl_user       192.168.2.52/32     scram-sha-256

Verify user permissions:REPLICATION or SUPERUSER required

postgres=# \du
                             List of roles
 Role name |                         Attributes
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------
 postgres  | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS

postgres=#

Verify free space for backup

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ du -sh /pgData/pgsql17/data/
524M    /pgData/pgsql17/data/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ du -sh /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
801M    /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ df -h /pgBackup/
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdd1       100G  746M  100G   1% /pgBackup <----
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ mkdir -p /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/basebackup_10OCT2025
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ mkdir -p /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/log/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

4. Take Backup

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ltrh /pgWal/pgsql17/wal | wc -l
53 <---- 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

pg_basebackup does not include all files from the pg_wal directory in the backup. Instead, it selectively includes only the WAL files required to make the base backup consistent at the point in time the backup was taken.

-- If you want to store the base backup and WAL files in separate backup directories. 

nohup pg_basebackup -U postgres -D /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/basebackup_10OCT2025 --waldir=/pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/wal_backup -Fp -Xs -P -v > /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/log/basebackup_10OCT2025.log 2>&1 &

The --waldir option in pg_basebackup is supported only when using the plain format (-Fp), not with the tar format (-Ft).

If we want symlinks preserved → use (both -Fp & --waldir use together) -Fp --waldir=/pgWal/pgsql17/wal

-- OR --

The directory mush be empty: /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/basebackup_10OCT2025

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ nohup pg_basebackup -U postgres -D /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/basebackup_10OCT2025 -Fp -Xs -P -v > /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/log/basebackup_10OCT2025.log 2>&1 &
[1] 4973
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/log/basebackup_10OCT2025.log
nohup: ignoring input
pg_basebackup: initiating base backup, waiting for checkpoint to complete
pg_basebackup: checkpoint completed
pg_basebackup: write-ahead log start point: 0/85000028 on timeline 1
pg_basebackup: starting background WAL receiver
pg_basebackup: created temporary replication slot "pg_basebackup_4975"
279413/536037 kB (52%), 0/1 tablespace (...asebackup_10OCT2025/base/5/16533)
536047/536047 kB (100%), 0/1 tablespace (...ckup_10OCT2025/global/pg_control)
536047/536047 kB (100%), 1/1 tablespace
pg_basebackup: write-ahead log end point: 0/85000158
pg_basebackup: waiting for background process to finish streaming ...
pg_basebackup: syncing data to disk ...
pg_basebackup: renaming backup_manifest.tmp to backup_manifest
pg_basebackup: base backup completed  <-----
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

5. Prepare & Restore

5.1 Stop PostgreSQL and Clean Directories

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl stop postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# 
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ps -ef | grep postgres
root        5057    3151  0 18:57 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

5.2 Remove all from Data & WAL directories

-- Remove all from PGDATA directory

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# rm -rf /pgData/pgsql17/data/*
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ls -ltr /pgData/pgsql17/data/
total 0
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

-- Remove all from WAL directory 

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# rm -rf /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/*
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ls -ltr /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
total 0
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

5.3 Restore Data and WAL

A. Copy Backup files to $PGDATA

Since we did not use the -Fp format with the --waldir option, all required WAL files will be included in the backup under the default path: PGDATA/pg_wal.

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgData/pgsql17/data/
total 0
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cd /pgBackup/pgsql17/backup/basebackup_10OCT2025/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 basebackup_10OCT2025]$ cp -Rp * /pgData/pgsql17/data/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 basebackup_10OCT2025]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 basebackup_10OCT2025]$ ls -ltr /pgData/pgsql17/data/
total 296
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres    227 Oct 10 18:41 backup_label
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres     77 Oct 10 18:41 pg_wal
drwx------. 7 postgres postgres     59 Oct 10 18:41 base
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres     68 Oct 10 18:41 pg_logical
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_dynshmem
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_commit_ts
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    110 Oct 10 18:41 log
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres   1169 Oct 10 18:41 postgresql.conf.bkp_10sep2025
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  30702 Oct 10 18:41 postgresql.conf.bkp
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres     88 Oct 10 18:41 postgresql.auto.conf
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres     18 Oct 10 18:41 pg_xact
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres      3 Oct 10 18:41 PG_VERSION
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_twophase
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_tblspc
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_subtrans
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_stat_tmp
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_stat
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_snapshots
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_serial
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_replslot
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres      6 Oct 10 18:41 pg_notify
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres     36 Oct 10 18:41 pg_multixact
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres   2640 Oct 10 18:41 pg_ident.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres   5600 Oct 10 18:41 pg_hba.conf
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres   1171 Oct 10 18:41 postgresql.conf
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres   4096 Oct 10 18:41 global
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres     30 Oct 10 18:41 current_logfiles
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 227736 Oct 10 18:41 backup_manifest
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 basebackup_10OCT2025]$

B. Copy WAL files from $PGDATA/pg_wal to /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
total 0
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cd /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 pg_wal]$ cp -Rp * /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 pg_wal]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 pg_wal]$ ls -ltr /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
total 16384
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres        6 Oct 10 18:41 summaries
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres        6 Oct 10 18:41 archive_status
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16777216 Oct 10 18:41 000000010000000000000085
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 pg_wal]$ cd
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

C. Remove the existing $PGDATA/pg_wal directory

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ rm -rf /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

D. Create a symbolic link pointing $PGDATA/pg_wal to a separate WAL directory

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ln -s /pgWal/pgsql17/wal /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres 18 Oct 10 19:43 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal -> /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

E. Set Permissions

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ chown -R postgres:postgres /pgData/pgsql17/data
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ chmod 700 /pgData/pgsql17/data
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ chown -R postgres:postgres /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ chmod 700 /pgWal/pgsql17/wal

6. Start PostgreSQL

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17.service
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Fri 2025-10-10 19:45:21 +08; 5s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 5230 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 5235 (postgres)
      Tasks: 7 (limit: 15835)
     Memory: 34.2M
        CPU: 94ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─5235 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─5236 "postgres: logger "
             ├─5237 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─5238 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─5240 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─5241 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─5242 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 10 19:45:21 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 10 19:45:21 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5235]: 2025-10-10 19:45:21.177 +08 [5235] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 10 19:45:21 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5235]: 2025-10-10 19:45:21.177 +08 [5235] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 10 19:45:21 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

7. Final Verification

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \l+
                                                                                       List of databases
   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   |  Size   | Tablespace |                Description
-----------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+--------+-----------+-----------------------+---------+------------+--------------------------------------------
 dell      | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 7609 kB | pg_default |
 orcl      | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 7753 kB | pg_default |
 postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           |                       | 492 MB  | pg_default | default administrative connection database
 template0 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +| 7545 kB | pg_default | unmodifiable empty database
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            |
 template1 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | en_SG.UTF-8 | en_SG.UTF-8 |        |           | =c/postgres          +| 7569 kB | pg_default | default template for new databases
           |          |          |                 |             |             |        |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            |
(5 rows)

postgres=# \db
       List of tablespaces
    Name    |  Owner   | Location
------------+----------+----------
 pg_default | postgres |
 pg_global  | postgres |
(2 rows)

postgres=# \c dell
You are now connected to database "dell" as user "postgres".
dell=# select * from test.emp;
 name | designation | project | company
------+-------------+---------+---------
 Sugi | DBA         | Jetstar | iGATE
 Teja | DBA         | RCM     | iGATE
 RAJ  | DBA         | RCM     | iGATE
(3 rows)

dell=#

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Disable ARCHIVELOG Mode

PostgreSQLarchive_mode, Database Backup, pg_checkpoint, pg_switch_wal, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL administration, PostgreSQL archiving, PostgreSQL checkpoint, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL DBA, PostgreSQL performance tuning, PostgreSQL recovery, PostgreSQL Tips, WAL files, write ahead log

How to Disable ARCHIVELOG Mode

1. Verify Existing Archive Mode
2. Edit the archive settings
3. Restart PostgreSQL
4. Verify Current Mode
5. Verify WAL Archiving Behavior

1. Verify Existing Archive Mode

postgres=# SHOW archive_mode;
 archive_mode
--------------
 on  <------ 
(1 row)

postgres=#

postgres=# SHOW archive_command;
        archive_command
-------------------------------
 cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f  <----- 
(1 row)

postgres=#

2. Edit the archive settings


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cp /pgData/pgsql17/data/postgresql.conf /pgData/pgsql17/data/postgresql.conf.bkp_10sep2025
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ vi /pgData/pgsql17/data/postgresql.conf

#archive_mode = on
#archive_command = 'cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f'

3. Restart PostgreSQL

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl stop postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl start  postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17.service
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Thu 2025-10-09 16:34:01 +08; 3s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 3492 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 3497 (postgres)
      Tasks: 7 (limit: 15835)
     Memory: 17.6M
        CPU: 92ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─3497 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─3498 "postgres: logger "
             ├─3499 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─3500 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─3502 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─3503 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─3504 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 09 16:34:01 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 09 16:34:01 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[3497]: 2025-10-09 16:34:01.929 +08 [3497] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 09 16:34:01 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[3497]: 2025-10-09 16:34:01.929 +08 [3497] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 09 16:34:01 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

4. Verify Current Mode

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# SHOW archive_mode;
 archive_mode
--------------
 off  <------ it's disabled
(1 row)

postgres=# SHOW archive_command;
 archive_command
-----------------
 (disabled) <-------
(1 row)

postgres=#

5. Verify WAL Archiving Behavior


postgres=# CHECKPOINT;
CHECKPOINT
postgres=#
postgres=# CHECKPOINT;
CHECKPOINT
postgres=# CHECKPOINT;
CHECKPOINT
postgres=#
postgres=# exit
postgres=# SELECT pg_switch_wal();
 pg_switch_wal
---------------
 0/44000000
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT pg_switch_wal();
 pg_switch_wal
---------------
 0/44000000
(1 row)

postgres=# SELECT pg_switch_wal();
 pg_switch_wal
---------------
 0/44000000
(1 row)

postgres=#
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
total 0  <---- Archivelogs not generating
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Change PostgreSQL WAL Directory Path (pg_wal)

PostgreSQLchange WAL location, data directory, database optimization, Linux PostgreSQL, move WAL directory, pg_wal, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL administration, PostgreSQL archive, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL File System, PostgreSQL Performance, PostgreSQL sysadmin, PostgreSQL Tips, WAL, write ahead log

Change WAL Directory Path (pg_wal) in PostgreSQL

0. Aim
1. Verify Existing pg_wal Directory
2. Create the New Directory
3. Stop PostgreSQL Service
4. Copy WAL Files to New Location
5. Backup Old WAL Directory
6. Create Symlink
7. Fix Permissions
8. Start PostgreSQL Service
9. Verify WAL Functionality
10. Remove Old WAL Directory (Optional)

0. Aim

To change the PostgreSQL 17 WAL File directory from its default location to new mount point

From : /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal

TO : /pgWal/pgsql17/wal

1. Verify Existing pg_wal directory


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# SELECT current_setting('data_directory') || '/pg_wal' AS wal_directory;
        wal_directory
-----------------------------
 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal  <----- 
(1 row)

postgres=# exit
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
total 48M
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres   6 Sep 30 21:50 summaries
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 04:24 000000010000000000000008
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000006
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000007
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres  43 Oct  8 16:08 archive_status
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ du -sh /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
48M     /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

2. Create the New Directory on a new disk

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# mkdir -p /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chown postgres:postgres /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chmod 700 /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

3. Stop PostgreSQL Service

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl stop postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ps -ef | grep postgres
root        6887    6721  0 16:08 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

4. Copy Existing WAL Files to New Location

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ nohup rsync -avh --progress /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal/ /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/ > rsync_pgwal.log 2>&1 &
[1] 6943
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[1]+  Done                    nohup rsync -avh --progress /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal/ /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/ > rsync_pgwal.log 2>&1
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat rsync_pgwal.log
nohup: ignoring input
sending incremental file list
./
000000010000000000000006
         16.78M 100%   81.89MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#1, to-chk=5/7)
000000010000000000000007
         16.78M 100%   43.84MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#2, to-chk=4/7)
000000010000000000000008
         16.78M 100%   31.07MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#3, to-chk=3/7)
archive_status/
archive_status/000000010000000000000006.done
              0 100%    0.00kB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#4, to-chk=0/7)
summaries/

sent 50.34M bytes  received 107 bytes  33.56M bytes/sec
total size is 50.33M  speedup is 1.00
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
total 48M
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres   6 Sep 30 21:50 summaries
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 04:24 000000010000000000000008
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000006
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000007
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres  43 Oct  8 16:08 archive_status
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ du -sh /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
48M     /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

5. Move old directory as backup

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ mv /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
ls: cannot access '/pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal': No such file or directory
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres 141 Oct  8 16:08 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

6. Create symlink

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ln -s /pgWal/pgsql17/wal /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ltr /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 postgres postgres 18 Oct  8 16:16 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal -> /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

7. Fix permissions (if required)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ chown -R postgres:postgres /pgWal/pgsql17/wal

8. Start PostgreSQL Service

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17.service
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Wed 2025-10-08 16:20:46 +08; 7s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 7079 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 7084 (postgres)
      Tasks: 8 (limit: 15835)
     Memory: 18.1M
        CPU: 94ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─7084 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─7086 "postgres: logger "
             ├─7087 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─7088 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─7090 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─7091 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             ├─7092 "postgres: archiver "
             └─7093 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 08 16:20:46 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 08 16:20:46 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[7084]: 2025-10-08 16:20:46.162 +08 [7084] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 08 16:20:46 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[7084]: 2025-10-08 16:20:46.162 +08 [7084] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 08 16:20:46 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

9. Verify

-- Load WAL File generation (Testing)

postgres=# -- Create test table
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS wal_test;
CREATE TABLE wal_test (
    id serial PRIMARY KEY,
    data text
);

-- Generate WAL traffic
DO $$
DECLARE
    i integer;
BEGIN
    FOR i IN 1..50 LOOP
        -- INSERT: 10,000 rows
        INSERT INTO wal_test (data)
        SELECT repeat('wal_test_data_', 50)
        FROM generate_series(1, 10000);

        -- UPDATE: 5,000 rows using CTE with LIMIT
        WITH to_update AS (
            SELECT id FROM wal_test WHERE id % 2 = 0 LIMIT 5000
        )
        UPDATE wal_test
        SET data = data || '_updated'
        WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM to_update);

        -- DELETE: 5,000 rows using CTE with LIMIT
        WITH to_delete AS (
            SELECT id FROM wal_test WHERE id % 3 = 0 LIMIT 5000
        )
        DELETE FROM wal_test
        WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM to_delete);

        -- Commit to flush WAL
        COMMIT;

        -- Optional pause to slow down the loop
        PERFORM pg_sleep(0.5);
    END LOOP;
END$$;
DROP TABLE
CREATE TABLE
DO
postgres=# exit
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth  /pgWal/pgsql17/wal
total 752M
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    6 Sep 30 21:50 summaries
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000009
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000010
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000011
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000012
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000013
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000014
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000015
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000016
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000017
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000018
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000019
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000020
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000021
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000022
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000023
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000024
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000025
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000026
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000027
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000028
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000029
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000030
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000031
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000032
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000033
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000034
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000035
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 4.0K Oct  8 16:36 archive_status
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:36 xlogtemp.7289
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

10. Remove Old WAL Directory (Optional, later)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
drwx------. 4 postgres postgres 141 Oct  8 16:08 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ rm -rf /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal.bak
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

Thank you

Rajasekhar Amudala

Email: br8dba@gmail.com
LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala

WAL Files

PostgreSQLarchive log, archive_command, database logs, min_wal_size, pg_wal, PITR, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL Backup, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL recovery, PostgreSQL vs Oracle, redo logs, WAL archives, WAL files

Understanding WAL Files in PostgreSQL – For Oracle DBAs

What is WAL?

WAL (Write-Ahead Logging) ensures data durability and crash recovery. Every change is first written to WAL before being flushed to data files. 

1. WAL Location: WAL files are stored in $PGDATA/pg_wal/.
2. Fixed Size: Each WAL segment is pre-allocated with a fixed size (typically 16MB), set at cluster initialization (initdb).
3. Writing & Switching: WAL segments are written sequentially. PostgreSQL switches to the next segment when the current one is full or a manual switch is triggered (e.g., via pg_switch_wal()).
4. WAL and Archive File Size: When archived, the exact same 16MB WAL segment file is copied as raw binary to the archive destination. Therefore, archive files always match the WAL segment size.
5. Archiving: If archive_mode = on, PostgreSQL uses the archive_command to copy completed WAL segments to the archive destination (e.g., /pgArch/...). Only full segments are archived.
6. Recycling: If archiving is disabled, PostgreSQL reuses old WAL segments once they’re no longer needed for recovery or replication.

WAL Files = Redo Log Files
WAL Archives = Archive Log Files

PostgreSQL vs Oracle Comparison

Aspect	Oracle	PostgreSQL
Redo Log Files	Called Redo Log Files	Called WAL Files
Archive Log Files	Called Archive Log Files	Called WAL Archives
Redo Log File Size	~200MB (default)	16MB (default and fixed)
Redo Log Files Count	Minimum 2 or more redo log groups (Best practice: 3)	No fixed number Controlled by: min_wal_size / wal_segment_size Example: 80MB / 16MB = 5 WAL files
Archive Log File Size	~200MB (same as redo log file size)	16MB (same as WAL file size)
Log File Storage	Redo log files stored in redo log groups	WAL files stored in `pg_wal` directory
Archiving Mechanism	Archive logs created if archiving is enabled	Archived via `archive_command` if `archive_mode = on`
Overwrite Behavior	Redo logs are overwritten when full (if archive not enabled)	WAL segments are recycled/overwritten when full (if `archive_mode` is off)
Force Switch Behavior	ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;	SELECT pg_switch_wal();

PostgreSQL WAL Configuration Parameters

Parameter	Meaning	Default
`wal_segment_size`	Size of each WAL file	16MB
`min_wal_size`	Minimum total WAL size retained	80MB (5 WAL files) Common in production: 8GB
`max_wal_size`	Max WAL before triggering a checkpoint	1GB Common in production: 16GB

Check Configuration

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW wal_segment_size;"
wal_segment_size
------------------
16MB  <----- Each redo log file size
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$


[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW min_wal_size;"
 min_wal_size
--------------
 80MB <---- 80MB/16MB = 5 <--- Total 5 redo log files with each 16MB
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW max_wal_size;"
 max_wal_size
--------------
 1GB  <---- 1024MB
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

View WAL files (Redo log files)

postgres=# SELECT current_setting('data_directory') || '/pg_wal' AS wal_directory;
        wal_directory
-----------------------------
 /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal  <---- Redo log file directory
(1 row)

postgres=# 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lh /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal | grep -E '^-.* [0-9]+ .* [0-9A-F]{24}$'
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct 8 01:33 000000010000000000000005
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct 8 01:28 000000010000000000000006
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct 8 01:28 000000010000000000000007
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

min_wal_size = 80MB means PostgreSQL will try to keep at least 5 WAL segment files on disk (since 80MB ÷ 16MB = 5 files).

However, in our case, only 3 WAL files are currently present. This is likely because the system is under low load in the testing environment, so fewer WAL files are needed at the moment.

---- Lets Generate Load

postgres=# -- Create test table
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS wal_test;
CREATE TABLE wal_test (
    id serial PRIMARY KEY,
    data text
);

-- Generate WAL traffic
DO $$
DECLARE
    i integer;
BEGIN
    FOR i IN 1..50 LOOP
        -- INSERT: 10,000 rows
        INSERT INTO wal_test (data)
        SELECT repeat('wal_test_data_', 50)
        FROM generate_series(1, 10000);

        -- UPDATE: 5,000 rows using CTE with LIMIT
        WITH to_update AS (
            SELECT id FROM wal_test WHERE id % 2 = 0 LIMIT 5000
        )
        UPDATE wal_test
        SET data = data || '_updated'
        WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM to_update);

        -- DELETE: 5,000 rows using CTE with LIMIT
        WITH to_delete AS (
            SELECT id FROM wal_test WHERE id % 3 = 0 LIMIT 5000
        )
        DELETE FROM wal_test
        WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM to_delete);

        -- Commit to flush WAL
        COMMIT;

        -- Optional pause to slow down the loop
        PERFORM pg_sleep(0.5);
    END LOOP;
END$$;
DROP TABLE
CREATE TABLE
DO
postgres=# exit
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ 
ls -lrth /pgData/pgsql17/data/pg_wal
total 752M
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres    6 Sep 30 21:50 summaries
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000009
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000010
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000011
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000012
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000013
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000014
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000015
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000016
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000017
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000018
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000019
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000020
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000021
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000022
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000023
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000024
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000025
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000026
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000027
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000028
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000029
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000030
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000031
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000032
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000033
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000034
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000035
drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 4.0K Oct  8 16:36 archive_status
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres  16M Oct  8 16:36 xlogtemp.7289
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ 

-- Now We can see Many WAL Files (Redo log files) generated, count increased from 3 WAL files to 50+ WAL files

View Archived WAL Files (Archive log files)

postgres=# SHOW archive_command;
        archive_command
-------------------------------
 cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f
(1 row)

postgres=#

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ 
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
total 976M
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:50 000000010000000000000001
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:51 000000010000000000000002
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 01:28 000000010000000000000003
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 01:28 000000010000000000000004
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 04:24 000000010000000000000005
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:08 000000010000000000000006
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:24 000000010000000000000007
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:25 000000010000000000000008
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000009
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 00000001000000000000000F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:34 000000010000000000000010
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000011
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000012
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000013
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000014
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000015
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000016
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000017
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000018
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000019
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000001F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000020
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000021
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000022
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000023
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000024
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000025
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000026
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000027
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000028
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000029
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002D
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002E
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 00000001000000000000002F
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000030
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000031
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000032
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000033
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:35 000000010000000000000034
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000035
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000036
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000037
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000038
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 000000010000000000000039
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 00000001000000000000003A
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 00000001000000000000003B
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 00000001000000000000003C
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  8 16:36 00000001000000000000003D
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

-- WAL and Archive File Size: When archived, the exact same 16MB WAL segment file is copied as raw binary to the archive destination. Therefore, archive files always match the WAL segment size (redo log size).

Best Practices

Use a dedicated mount point for pg_wal (WAL directory) – eg. /pgWal
Set min_wal_size to higher value in production (e.g. 8GB)
Keep WAL archive files on a separate mount point for better I/O and space isolation – eg. /pgArch
Monitor WAL archive directory regularly to avoid disk full errors

Note:

WAL file size is fixed at cluster init (default: 16MB). You cannot change it for an existing cluster.
PostgreSQL WAL Size Be Can Increased only at NEW cluster creation time via initdb (64MB)
/usr/pgsql-17/bin/initdb –wal-segsize=64 -D /pgData/pgsql17/data

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Enable Archive Mode (WAL Archiving)

PostgreSQLarchive_command, enable archive mode, Linux PostgreSQL setup, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL Admin, PostgreSQL archive log, PostgreSQL archive_mode, PostgreSQL Backup, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL disaster recovery, PostgreSQL PITR, PostgreSQL replication, PostgreSQL Tutorials, WAL files, write-ahead logging

Enable Archive Mode in PostgreSQL 17

0. Importance of Archive Log Files
1. Verify Existing Archive Mode
2. Ensure Archive Directory Exists
3. Edit postgresql.conf
4. Restart PostgreSQL
5. Verify the Configuration
6. Test Archiving Works

0. Importance of Archive Log Files

Archive log files, also known as WAL archives (Write-Ahead Log archives) , play a critical role in PostgreSQL for data protection, recovery, and replication.

A. Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR): Restore the database to a specific point in time, useful for accidental data changes or loss.
B. Continuous Backup: Works with base backups to enable robust disaster recovery.
C. Streaming Replication Support: Helps standby servers catch up if they fall behind.
D. Disaster Recovery: Enables full recovery after hardware or data corruption.
E. Data Audit & Analysis: Allows decoding WAL logs for auditing and compliance.

🛑 Important Note:

If WAL archiving is disabled and a backup is taken, you can only restore to the exact backup time, not to any point after.

1. Verify Existing Archive Mode

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# SHOW archive_mode;
 archive_mode 
--------------
 off <--- it's off
(1 row)

postgres=# SHOW archive_command;
 archive_command 
-----------------
 (disabled) <----
(1 row)

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Tue 2025-10-07 18:33:05 +08; 2min 26s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 5911 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 5916 (postgres)
      Tasks: 7 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 21.3M
        CPU: 177ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─5916 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─5917 "postgres: logger "
             ├─5918 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─5919 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─5921 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─5922 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─5923 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5916]: 2025-10-07 18:33:05.392 +08 [5916] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5916]: 2025-10-07 18:33:05.392 +08 [5916] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

Currently, there is no active archive process running in the background.

2. Ensure Archive Directory Exists

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# mkdir -p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chown postgres:postgres /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chmod 700 /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/

3. Edit `postgresql.conf`

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ vi /pgData/pgsql17/data/postgresql.conf

Update or add the following lines:

archive_mode = on
archive_command = 'cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f'

Explanation:

%p = Full path of WAL file
%f = WAL file name
cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f = Command to copy the WAL file to archive directory

4. Restart PostgreSQL

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Tue 2025-10-07 23:48:29 +08; 18s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 7868 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 7873 (postgres)
      Tasks: 8 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 19.0M
        CPU: 96ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─7873 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─7874 "postgres: logger "
             ├─7875 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─7876 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─7878 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─7879 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             ├─7880 "postgres: archiver "  <------
             └─7881 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 07 23:48:29 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 07 23:48:29 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[7873]: 2025-10-07 23:48:29.503 +08 [7873] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 07 23:48:29 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[7873]: 2025-10-07 23:48:29.503 +08 [7873] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 07 23:48:29 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

Make sure the archiver process is running.

5. Verify the Configuration

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW archive_mode;"
 archive_mode 
--------------
 on <-----------
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW archive_command;"
        archive_command         
-------------------------------
 cp %p /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/%f  <-----------------
(1 row)

6. Test Archiving Works

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SELECT pg_switch_wal();"

Check archive folder for new WAL files:

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
total 16M
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:50 000000010000000000000001

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SELECT pg_switch_wal();"
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -lrth /pgArch/pgsql17/arch/
total 32M
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:50 000000010000000000000001
-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16M Oct  7 23:51 000000010000000000000002

Archiving is working successfully.

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Change Data Directory

PostgreSQL.bash_profile, Change Data Directory, chmod, chown, daemon-reload, database administration, How to change PGDATA, Linux PostgreSQL, mkdir, mv, pgdata, PostgreSQL 17, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL Directory Migration, PostgreSQL rsync Copy, PostgreSQL Service Configuration, PostgreSQL Setup, PostgreSQL Tuning, postgresql-17.service, psql, Relocate PostgreSQL Data, rsync, sed, systemctl, Systemd PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL 17 – Change Data Directory

0. Overview
1. Stop PostgreSQL Service
2. Create the New Directory
3. Copy Existing Data to New Location
4. Move existing data directory
5. Update PostgreSQL Configuration to Use New Data Directory
6. Reload systemd and start PostgreSQL
7. Edit postgres .bash_profile
8. Verify New Data Directory is in Use
9. Remove Old Data Directory (Optional – A week after)

0. Overview

To change the PostgreSQL 17 data directory from its default location

From: /var/lib/pgsql/17/data To: /pgData/pgsql17/data

1. Stop PostgreSQL Service

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW data_directory;"
     data_directory
------------------------
 /var/lib/pgsql/17/data <---- existing data directory
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl stop postgresql-17
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# 
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ps -ef | grep postgres
root        5759    4079  0 18:09 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

2. Create the New Directory

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# mkdir -p /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chown postgres:postgres /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# chmod 700 /pgData/pgsql17/data
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

3. Copy Existing Data to New Location

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ nohup rsync -av --progress /var/lib/pgsql/17/data/ /pgData/pgsql17/data/ > rsync_pgdata.log 2>&1 &
[1] 5863
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ tail -f rsync_pgdata.log
pg_wal/000000010000000000000002
     16,777,216 100%   17.68MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#1621, to-chk=3/1652)
pg_wal/archive_status/
pg_wal/summaries/
pg_xact/
pg_xact/0000
          8,192 100%    8.84kB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#1622, to-chk=0/1652)

sent 73,827,441 bytes  received 31,005 bytes  49,238,964.00 bytes/sec
total size is 73,717,583  speedup is 1.00
^C[1]+  Done                    nohup rsync -av --progress /var/lib/pgsql/17/data/ /pgData/pgsql17/data/ > rsync_pgdata.log 2>&1

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

4. Move existing data directory

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ mv /var/lib/pgsql/17/data /var/lib/pgsql/17/data_bkp_10072025
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

5. Update PostgreSQL Configuration to Use New Data Directory

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service | grep -i "Environment=PGDATA"
Environment=PGDATA=/var/lib/pgsql/17/data/  <-----
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# ls -ltr /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1788 Aug 13 17:39 /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# sed -i 's|^Environment=PGDATA=.*|Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data/|' /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service | grep -i "Environment=PGDATA"
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data/ <------
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

6. Reload systemd and start PostgreSQL

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl start postgresql-17
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl cat postgresql-17 | grep -i Environment=PGDATA
Environment=PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data/ <-----
[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]#

[root@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]# systemctl status postgresql-17
● postgresql-17.service - PostgreSQL 17 database server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postgresql-17.service; enabled; preset: disabled)
     Active: active (running) since Tue 2025-10-07 18:33:05 +08; 2min 26s ago
       Docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/static/
    Process: 5911 ExecStartPre=/usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgresql-17-check-db-dir ${PGDATA} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 5916 (postgres)
      Tasks: 7 (limit: 15700)
     Memory: 21.3M
        CPU: 177ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/postgresql-17.service
             ├─5916 /usr/pgsql-17/bin/postgres -D /pgData/pgsql17/data/
             ├─5917 "postgres: logger "
             ├─5918 "postgres: checkpointer "
             ├─5919 "postgres: background writer "
             ├─5921 "postgres: walwriter "
             ├─5922 "postgres: autovacuum launcher "
             └─5923 "postgres: logical replication launcher "

Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL 17 database server...
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5916]: 2025-10-07 18:33:05.392 +08 [5916] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com postgres[5916]: 2025-10-07 18:33:05.392 +08 [5916] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
Oct 07 18:33:05 lxicbpgdsgv01.rajasekhar.com systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL 17 database server.

7. Edit postgres .bash_profile

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat .bash_profile | grep -i PGDATA=
PGDATA=/var/lib/pgsql/17/data
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ sed -i 's|^PGDATA=.*|PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data|' ~/.bash_profile
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ cat .bash_profile | grep -i PGDATA=
PGDATA=/pgData/pgsql17/data <-----
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ . .bash_profile <-- reload the profile
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

8. Verify New Data Directory is in Use

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ psql -c "SHOW data_directory;"
    data_directory
----------------------
 /pgData/pgsql17/data  <---- new data directory
(1 row)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

9. Remove Old Data Directory (Optional – A week after)

[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ ls -ld /var/lib/pgsql/17/data_bkp_10072025
drwx------. 20 postgres postgres 4096 Oct  7 18:20 /var/lib/pgsql/17/data_bkp_10072025
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$ rm -rf /var/lib/pgsql/17/data_bkp_10072025
[postgres@lxicbpgdsgv01 ~]$

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

PostgreSQL pg_hba.conf

PostgreSQLdatabase administration, Host-Based Authentication, pg_hba, pg_hba.conf, PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL 15, PostgreSQL Authentication, PostgreSQL Configuration, PostgreSQL Roles and Users, PostgreSQL security, PostgreSQL Tutorial

Host-Based Authentication (pg_hba.conf)

1. What is pg_hba.conf?
2. Authentication Methods in pg_hba.conf
3. Create Database and User
4. Contents of pg_hba.conf
5. Play with peer
6. Play with trust
7. Play with reject
8. Restrict by User
9. Restrict by Network
10. Verify logs

1. What is pg_hba.conf?

HBA = Host-Based Authentication.
Location: usually inside PostgreSQL data directory (/var/lib/pgsql/<version>/data/pg_hba.conf or /pgData/pgsql15/data/pg_hba.conf depending on your setup).



Format:

# TYPE  DATABASE  USER  ADDRESS        METHOD
TYPE: local, host, hostssl, hostnossl
DATABASE: which DBs (e.g. all, postgres, mydb)
USER: which roles (e.g. all, myuser)
ADDRESS: client IP/CIDR (127.0.0.1/32, 192.168.2.0/24)
METHOD: authentication method (trust, md5, scram-sha-256, peer, reject, cert)

OPTIONS	: optional settings (e.g., clientcert=1)

2. Authentication Methods in pg_hba.conf

trust:
--- > No password needed. Anyone who can connect to the server is trusted.
--- > Use: testing only.
--- > Not secure in production.

Example:

host    all    all    127.0.0.1/32    trust

md5
--- > Password required, stored as MD5 hash.
--- > Legacy support. Weaker security, avoid if possible.

Example:

host    all    all    127.0.0.1/32    md5

scram-sha-256
--- > Password required, stored as salted SCRAM-SHA-256 hash.
--- > Stronger than MD5.
--- > Recommended method for production.

Example:

host    all    all    127.0.0.1/32    scram-sha-256


peer
--- > Works for local connections only.
--- > The OS user name must match the PostgreSQL role.
--- > Good for local scripts/services under same user.

Example:

local   all    all                     peer


reject
--- > Explicitly denies access.
----> Useful for blocking unwanted connections (like a firewall rule).

Example:

host    all    all    0.0.0.0/0       reject


cert
---> Requires SSL/TLS client certificate.
---> PostgreSQL role must match certificate username.
---> Very secure for enterprise / production with SSL.

Example:
hostssl all   all    192.168.1.0/24   cert clientcert=1

3. Create Database and User

postgres=# CREATE USER teja WITH PASSWORD 'teja123';
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE orcl OWNER teja;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=#

4. Contents of pg_hba.conf

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ cat /pgData/pgsql15/data/pg_hba.conf
# TYPE  DATABASE         USER            ADDRESS                METHOD

# Allow local peer access for postgres
local   all             postgres                                peer

# Allow local password access for all
local   all             all                                     scram-sha-256

[postgres@pg17 ~]$

5. Play with peer

Works for local connections only. The OS user name must match the PostgreSQL role.

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ cat /pgData/pgsql15/data/pg_hba.conf
# TYPE  DATABASE         USER            ADDRESS                METHOD

# Allow local peer access for postgres

local   all             postgres                                peer


# Allow local password access for all
local   all             all                                     scram-sha-256

[postgres@pg17 ~]$

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ psql -U teja -d orcl
 Password for user teja: <---- it's asking password 

psql (15.13)
Type "help" for help.

orcl=> exit
[postgres@pg17 ~]$

 Password Not asking for user postgres 
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ psql -U postgres -d orcl
psql (15.13)
Type "help" for help.

orcl=#

6. Play with trust

No password needed. Anyone who can connect to the server is trusted.
Use: testing only. Not secure in production.

Change pg_hba.conf:

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ cat /pgData/pgsql15/data/pg_hba.conf
# TYPE  DATABASE         USER            ADDRESS                METHOD

# Allow local peer access for postgres
local   all             postgres                                peer

# Allow local password access for all

local   all             all                                     trust

[postgres@pg17 ~]$

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ /usr/pgsql-15/bin/pg_ctl reload -D /pgData/pgsql15/data/
server signaled
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ psql -U teja -d orcl  <--- It won’t ask for a password. 
psql (15.13)
Type "help" for help.

orcl=>

7. Play with reject

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ cat /pgData/pgsql15/data/pg_hba.conf
# TYPE  DATABASE         USER            ADDRESS                METHOD

# Allow local peer access for postgres
local   all             postgres                                peer

# Allow local password access for all

local   all             all                                     reject

[postgres@pg17 ~]$

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ /usr/pgsql-15/bin/pg_ctl reload -D /pgData/pgsql15/data/
server signaled
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ psql -U teja -d orcl

psql: error: connection to server on socket "/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432" failed: FATAL:  pg_hba.conf rejects connection for host "[local]", user "teja", database "orcl", no encryption

[postgres@pg17 ~]$

8. Restrict by User

Allow only user teja, block everyone else:

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ cat /pgData/pgsql15/data/pg_hba.conf
# TYPE  DATABASE         USER            ADDRESS                METHOD

# Allow local peer access for postgres
local   all             postgres                                peer

# Allow local password access for all
local   all             all                                     trust

# Allow IPv4 localhost

host    orcl            teja             192.168.2.31/32         scram-sha-256
host    orcl            all              192.168.2.31/32         reject


[postgres@pg17 ~]$

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ /usr/pgsql-15/bin/pg_ctl reload -D /pgData/pgsql15/data/
server signaled
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ psql -U teja -d orcl -h 192.168.2.31
Password for user teja:
psql (15.13)
Type "help" for help.

orcl=> \conninfo
You are connected to database "orcl" as user "teja" on host "192.168.2.31" at port "5432".
orcl=>
orcl=> exit
[postgres@pg17 ~]$


[postgres@pg17 ~]$ psql -U postgres -d orcl -h 192.168.2.31

psql: error: connection to server at "192.168.2.31", port 5432 failed: FATAL:  pg_hba.conf rejects connection for host "192.168.2.31", user "postgres", database "orcl", no encryption

[postgres@pg17 ~]$


Notice: Only user Teja able to connect where as user postgres not able to connect

9. Restrict by Network

We want to block connections from IP 192.168.2.0/24 

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ cat /pgData/pgsql15/data/pg_hba.conf
# TYPE  DATABASE         USER            ADDRESS                METHOD

# Allow local peer access for postgres
local   all             postgres                                peer

# Allow local password access for all
local   all             all                                     trust

# Allow IPv4 localhost

host    all             all             192.168.2.0/24          reject

[postgres@pg17 ~]$

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ /usr/pgsql-15/bin/pg_ctl reload -D /pgData/pgsql15/data/
server signaled
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ 
[postgres@pg17 ~]$ psql -U teja -d orcl -h 192.168.2.31

psql: error: connection to server at "192.168.2.31", port 5432 failed: FATAL:  pg_hba.conf rejects connection for host "192.168.2.31", user "teja", database "orcl", no encryption

[postgres@pg17 ~]$

10. Verify logs

postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_hba_file_rules;
 line_number | type  | database | user_name  |   address    |     netmask     |  auth_method  | options | error
-------------+-------+----------+------------+--------------+-----------------+---------------+---------+-------
           4 | local | {all}    | {postgres} |              |                 | peer          |         |
           7 | local | {all}    | {all}      |              |                 | trust         |         |
          11 | host  | {orcl}   | {teja}     | 192.168.2.31 | 255.255.255.255 | scram-sha-256 |         |
          12 | host  | {orcl}   | {all}      | 192.168.2.31 | 255.255.255.255 | reject        |         |
(4 rows)

postgres=#

[postgres@pg17 ~]$ tail -f /pgData/pgsql15/data/log/postgresql-Tue.log
2025-09-16 04:08:37.244 EDT [8294] LOG:  database system was shut down at 2025-09-16 04:08:32 EDT
2025-09-16 04:08:37.251 EDT [8289] LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections
2025-09-16 04:11:27.459 EDT [8289] LOG:  received SIGHUP, reloading configuration files
2025-09-16 04:11:31.842 EDT [8401] FATAL:  pg_hba.conf rejects connection for host "[local]", user "teja", database "orcl", no encryption
2025-09-16 04:13:37.568 EDT [8292] LOG:  checkpoint starting: time
2025-09-16 04:13:37.573 EDT [8292] LOG:  checkpoint complete: wrote 3 buffers (0.0%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; write=0.002 s, sync=0.002 s, total=0.006 s; sync files=2, longest=0.001 s, average=0.001 s; distance=0 kB, estimate=0 kB
2025-09-16 04:16:15.863 EDT [8289] LOG:  received SIGHUP, reloading configuration files
2025-09-16 04:16:52.318 EDT [8474] FATAL:  pg_hba.conf rejects connection for host "192.168.2.31", user "teja", database "orcl", no encryption
2025-09-16 04:27:15.932 EDT [8289] LOG:  received SIGHUP, reloading configuration files
2025-09-16 04:27:50.593 EDT [8613] FATAL:  pg_hba.conf rejects connection for host "192.168.2.31", user "postgres", database "orcl", no encryption

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

PSQL

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PostgreSQL DBA Step by Step Learning

#	PostgreSQL DBA Topics
1	How to Install PostgreSQL ON Linux?
2	How to Install PostgreSQL on Linux 7 using source code?
3	How to START/STOP PostgreSQL ON Linux?
4	How to Create Database in PostgreSQL?
5	PostgreSQL User Management
6	PostgreSQL pg_hba.conf Guide
7	PostgreSQL Change Data Directory
8	Understanding WAL Files in PostgreSQL – For Oracle DBAs
9	Change PostgreSQL WAL Directory Path (pg_wal)
10	Enable Archive Mode in PostgreSQL 17
11	How to Disable ARCHIVELOG Mode
12	PostgreSQL Tablespace Management
13	PostgreSQL pg_dump and pg_restore Guide
14	PostgreSQL Backup and Restore Using pg_dumpall and psql
15	pg_basebackup – Backup, Restore, and Recovery
16	Backup & Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster to Another Host (No Archive Mode)
17	Backup & Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster on Same Host
18	Restore PostgreSQL to New Host using pg_basebackup + WAL Archives
19	PostgreSQL PITR – Point in Time Recovery
20	Configure Streaming Replication in PostgreSQL
21	Manual Failover in PostgreSQL Streaming Replication
22	Convert Asynchronous Replication to Synchronous Replication

Thank you,
Rajasekhar Amudala
Email: br8dba@gmail.com
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajasekhar-amudala/

Difference between Base Directory and Global Directory

1. The Global Directory (pg_global)

2. The Base Directory (pg_base)

Create a Second PostgreSQL Instance on the Same Linux Server

Table of Contents

0. Verify existing setup

1. Create new directories

2. Initialize second cluster

3. Edit second instance config

4. Start PostgreSQL Service

5. Connect to second instance

6. Create second systemd service

7. Verify instances

Install PostgreSQL 17.4 Using Source Code (Linux 9)

Table of Contents

0. Environment

1. Set SELINUX to Permissive and Restart the server

2. Install Dependencies

3. Create postgres User

4. Download PostgreSQL Source

5. Extract Source

6. Configure Build

7. Compile Source

*** The FindBin module is a core Perl library used to locate the absolute directory path of the currently executing script. It is primarily used in conjunction with the lib module to dynamically load local, relative modules without hardcoding paths. ****

8. Install PostgreSQL

9. Install PostgreSQL Contrib for extensions

10. Set Environment Variables (As Postgres user)

11. Validation 1 (As Postgres user)

12. Initialize Database (As Postgres user)

13. Start Postgres Instance(As Postgres user)

14. Validation (As Postgres user)

15. Create systemctl service for PostgreSQL (as root user) - Optional

PostgreSQL DBA Step by Step Learning

How to Backup and Restore PostgreSQL DB Cluster on the Same Host Using pg_basebackup

Table of Contents

1. Environment

2. Verify Existing DB Setup

3. Pre-requisites

4. Take Backup

5. Prepare & Restore

5.1 Stop PostgreSQL and Clean Directories

5.2 Remove all from Data & WAL directories

5.3 Restore Data and WAL

A. Copy Backup files to $PGDATA

B. Copy WAL files from $PGDATA/pg_wal to /pgWal/pgsql17/wal/

C. Remove the existing $PGDATA/pg_wal directory

D. Create a symbolic link pointing $PGDATA/pg_wal to a separate WAL directory

E. Set Permissions

6. Start PostgreSQL

7. Final Verification

How to Disable ARCHIVELOG Mode

Table of Contents

1. Verify Existing Archive Mode

2. Edit the archive settings

3. Restart PostgreSQL

4. Verify Current Mode

5. Verify WAL Archiving Behavior

Table of Contents

0. Aim

1. Verify Existing pg_wal directory

2. Create the New Directory on a new disk

3. Stop PostgreSQL Service

4. Copy Existing WAL Files to New Location

5. Move old directory as backup

6. Create symlink

7. Fix permissions (if required)

8. Start PostgreSQL Service

9. Verify

10. Remove Old WAL Directory (Optional, later)

Understanding WAL Files in PostgreSQL – For Oracle DBAs

What is WAL?

PostgreSQL vs Oracle Comparison

PostgreSQL WAL Configuration Parameters

Check Configuration

View WAL files (Redo log files)

View Archived WAL Files (Archive log files)

Best Practices

Enable Archive Mode in PostgreSQL 17

Table of Contents

0. Importance of Archive Log Files

1. The Global Directory (`pg_global`)

2. The Base Directory (`pg_base`)

`* The FindBin module is a core Perl library used to locate the absolute directory path of the currently executing script. It is primarily used in conjunction with the lib module to dynamically load local, relative modules without hardcoding paths. **`

3. Edit `postgresql.conf`